Public Health Flashcards

1
Q

What is Public Health ?

A

The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and improving health through organised efforts of society

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2
Q

What is Equity ?

A

Giving people what they need to achieve equal outcomes

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3
Q

What is equality ?

A

giving everyone the same rights, opportunities and resources

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4
Q

what is horizontal equity ?

A

equal treatment for people with equal health care needs
(e.g. same treatment used for penuomina in different patients in same severity)

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5
Q

what is vertical equity ?

A

Unequal treatment for unequal health care needs
(Different treatments used in less severe vs. more severe pneumonias)

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6
Q

what is the inverse care law ?

A

availability of health care tends to vary inversely with its need

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7
Q

What acronym can be used for determinants of health ? what are these ?

A

PROGRESS
- Place of residence
- Race
- Occupation
- Gender
- Religion
- Education
- Socio-economic
- Social capital

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8
Q

What are the 3 domains of public health practice ? expalin bit

A
  • Health improvement (preventing disease, promoting health)
  • Health protection (control infectious disease)
  • Improving services (safe and high quality services)
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9
Q

What 2 systems can be used to assess quality of healthcare ?

A
  • maxwells dimensions of the quality of healthcare
  • structure, process, outcome
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10
Q

What 3 factors contribute to a health needs assessment ?

A
  • Need (ability to benefit for an intervention)
  • Demand (what people ask for)
  • Supply (what is provided)
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11
Q

What is an epidemiological perspective of health needs assessment ?

A

looks at size of pop, services available

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12
Q

What is a comparative perspective of health needs assessment ?

A

compares services/outcomes received by a population with others (could compare different areas or patients or ages)

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13
Q

What is a corporate perspective of health needs assessment ?

A

ask local population what their health needs are (use focus groups, interviews)

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14
Q

What is an egalitarian medical mindset ? pros ? cons?

A

Provide all care that is necessary and required for everyone
- Pros: equal
- Cons: too expensive

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15
Q

What is an Maximising medical mindset ? pros ? cons?

A

act is evaluated solely in terms of its consequences
- pros: resources allocated to those who are most likely to benefit form it
- Cons: those who don’t make the cut receive nothing

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16
Q

What is an Libertarian medical mindset ? pros ? cons?

A

Each is responsible for their own health
- Pros: promotes positive engagment
- Cons: most diseases are not self inflicted

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17
Q

What is primary prevention ? example

A

preventing the disease form occurring in the first place
(vaccine)

18
Q

what is secondary prevention ? example

A

early identification of th eidsease to alter disease course
(screening)

19
Q

what is tertiary prevention ? example

A

limit consequences of established disease
(prevent worsening renal function in CKD)

20
Q

Disadvantages of screening ? (3)

A
  • exposure of well individuals to distressing diagnostic tests
  • Detection and treatment of sub-clinical disease that wouldn’t have caused a problem
  • preventive interventions that may cause harm to individual
21
Q

What are the 5 young people and adult screening programmes ?

A
  • AAA screening
  • Bowel cancer screening
  • Breast cancer screening
  • Cervical screening
  • Diabetic eye screening
22
Q

What criteria used to determine to screen something ? describe this criteria

A

Wilson and Junger Criteria (INASEP - In Exam Season NAP)
- Important disease
- Natural history of disease understood (eg known disease marker)
- Acceptable to public (not too invasive)
- Simple, safe precise test
- Effective treatment (early outcome has better outcomes)
- policy agreed on who to treat

23
Q

What is sensitivity ?

A

proportion of those with disease who are correctly identified

24
Q

what is specificity ?

A

proportion of people without disease who are correctly excluded by screening test

25
What is the hierarchy of evidence ? what are at the top ?
- systematic reviews and meta analysis - RCT - Cohort studies - Case controlled studies, cross sectional studies - case series - expert opinions
26
What is a case-control study ? advantage? disadvantage ?
retrospective, observational study looking at cause of disease. compares molar participation with dies to controls without - pros: good for rare outcomes, can investigate multiple exposures - cons: difficultés finding control to match with case, prone to selection bias
27
What is cross-sectional study ? pros ? cons?
retrospective observational collects data from a population at a specific point intake "snapshot) - Pros: quick and cheap, provide dat on preveane at single point - cons: risk of reverse causality, cannot measure incidence
28
What is a cohort study ? pros? cons ?
Prospective longitudinal study looking at separate cohort with different treatments of exposures - pros: can follow up group with a rare exposure - cons: takes a long time, people drop out
29
What is a randomised control trial ? pros ? cons ?
prosecute study, all participants randomly assigned exposure or control intervention - pros: low risk of bias and confounding, can infer causality - cons: time consuming, drop outs, inclusion criteria may exclude some populations
30
What is an ecological study ?
look sat the prevalence of the disease over time (population data rather than individual) - shows prevelance and association but not causation
31
What is the Bradford-hill criteria ? describe
group of nine principles that can be useful in establishing epidemiologic evidence of a causal relationship between a presumed cause and an observed effect
32
What are the factors in the Bradford-hill criteria ? (9)
- strength (stronger association between exposure and outcome) - Temporality ( exposure prior to outcome) - coherence - consistency (same results from various studies) - Plausibility - Analogy - Dose response - Reversibility - Specificity
32
What is incidence ?
Number of new cases over a certain time period
33
what is prevalence ?
the number of people iwht a disease at a certain point in time
34
What is health behaviour ?
aimed to prevent disease (regular exercise)
35
what is illness behaviour ?
aimed to seek remedy (going to the doctor)
36
what is the sick role behaviour ?
aimed at getting well (taking medication)
37
name some models of behaviour change ? (5)
- health belief model - theory of planned bahaviour - stages of change/trantheoretical model - social norms theory - motivational interviewing
38
What is the health belief model
example of model of behaviour change - Indiciduals change their behaviour if: believe susceptible to the condition, there are serious consequences, taking carton reduces susceptibility, benefits of action outweigh cost
39
What is the theory of planned behaviour ?
example of model of behaviour change - takes into account: person attitude, perceived social pressure (subjective norm) and their perceived behavioural control
40
What are the stages of change (trans theoretical model) ?
- pre-contemplation - contemplation - preparation - Action - Maintenance - Relapse
41
what is in mallows hierarchy of needs ?
TOP - self actualisation - esteem need - belongingness and love needs - safety needs - physiological needs BOTTOM