Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

3a > Psychiatry: The Main Ones > Flashcards

Psychiatry: The Main Ones Flashcards

1
Q

What is major depressive disorder ? characterised by what (3) ? leading to what ? (2)

A

characterised by persistent low mood, loss of interest + enjoyment and low energy
=> social + occupational dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What Pneumonic can be used for major depressive disorder presentation ?

A

SIGECAPS
(SIG E-CAPS, like the doctors used to write on prescriptions or something)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does SIGECAPS stand for ? what condition associated with ?

A

major depressive disorder: depressed mood PLUS
- Sleep (disrupt amount + quality, difficulty falling and staying asleep)
- Interest (anhedonia, things that used to bring joy don’t anymore)
- Guilt ( thoughts fixate on guilt, worthlessness, hopelessness)
- Energy (depleted, can’t get out of bed)
- Concentration (reduced)
- Appetite (mostly decreased (food is unappetising/tastless/cardboard) => weight loss)
- Psychomotor retardation (general slowing of speech + paschal movements)
- Suicide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many criteria are required for major depressive disorder diagnosis ? one of which two symptoms are required ? how long symptoms around for ?

A

if not depressive mood or anhedonia => not depression
- >5/9 criteria
- > 2 weeks
(two blue weeks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the suicide risk in major depressive disorder ?

A

5% suicide risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the most common psychiatric disorder ?

A

major depressive disorder
(mixed anxiety + depression)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

percentage of ppl who experience major depressive disorder ?

A

> 20% experience depressive ep in lifetime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

major depressive disorder RF: sex ? age ?

A
  • F twice as likely as M
  • first onset usually <25 or >65
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Without treatment, how long does depressive ep usually last ? how likely to return ?

A

depressive ep lasts 6-12 months then return to euthymia
- then 50% chance of another recurring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

major depressive disorder:
With treatment, how long does remission take ?

A

usually less than 3 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

overall major depressive disorder management ? (3)

A

depends on mild/mod/severe
- Psychotherapy (CBT)
- Medication: Antidepressants, antipsychotics
- ECT
(don’t forget biopsychosocial approach)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does CBT work ?

A

focuses on connections between thoughts feelings + behaviour
- break out of cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what scale is used to assess for severity of depression ? what are the categories and values for them ?

A

‘less severe’ depression: PHQ-9 score of < 16
‘more severe’ depression: PHQ-9 score of ≥ 16

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

name some antidepressant options (drug class + examples)
- how effective are they for major depressive disorder ?

A

SSRI (citalopram, fluoxetine, sertraline)
SNRI (duloxetine)
Dopamine reuptake inhibitor (buproprium)
- 1/3 remission, 1/3 response, 1/3 resistant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

when would you consider ECT in major depressive disorder ? when consider first line ?

A
  • If antidepressant resistant, ineffective (2 antidepressant have been trailed and failed)
  • Consider first line in Px with life threatening depression (psychotic, suicidal, catatonia)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the monitoring in antidepressant use for major depressive disorder ? how long use the meds for ?

A

monitor after 2 weeks
- continue treatment 6 months after remission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how do you stop SSRIs ?

A

gradually reduce SSRI dose over 4 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

which antidepressant should be used in kids/adolescents ?

A

fluoxetine (SSRI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What depressive subtypes are there ?

A
  • Melancholia
  • atypical
  • Postpartum
  • Seasonal
  • Psychotic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is atypical depression ? describe presentation ?
which drug used for it ?

A

ate-typical
- depressed person but with mood reactivity became happy + ate food + gained weight so limbs feel heavy + sensitive to refection
-Tx: MAOIs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is psychotic depression ?

A

paranoia/hallucinations + SIGECAP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is dysthymia ? how long symptoms ?

A

persistent depressant disorder (chronic, not episodic)
- but it is sub-syndromal (<5/9) but still struggles with low mood >2 yrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is double depression ?

A

dysthymia + major depressive disorder
(generally low mood with additional episode depressive episodes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is mania ?

A

characterised by excessive elevated mood + energy (plus goal directed activity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is bipolar disorder ? causes what ?

A

chronic mental illness with alternating periods of abnormal mood elevation + depression with change or impaired function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are the two main features to a manic episode ?

A
  • elevated mood
  • increased goal driven activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

describe the mood changes in mania ?

A
  • elevated (like a million bucks/euphoria)
  • non-reactive (just like in depression)
  • can also be expressed as irritability of hostility (or alternating)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what pneumonic can be used for bipolar presentation ?

A

DIGFAST

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what does DIGFAST stand for ? what condition is this associated with ? describe a bit of each

A

bipolar: elevated mood + activiy PLUS DIGFAST
- Distractability (trouble staying on topic, finishing sentence)
- Impulsivity (pleasure seeking activities: sex, drug use, opening mon mon)
- Grandiosity (inflated self esteem)
- Flight of idea
- Activity (increased energy + activity)
- Sleep (decrease need for sleep)
- Talkativeness (pressured speech)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

describe the though content and though process in a manic Px ?

A

thought content: grandiosity (inflated self esteem)
thought process: flight of idea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is required for bipolar diagnosis ? requirements
- duration of symptoms ?

A

elevated mood +
3/7 DIGFAST (1 of which must be increased goal directed activity)
- present for >1 week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How long to manic eps last if untreated ? if treated ?

A

manic ep lasts 3-6 months
- with treatment can be stopped in days/weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

bipolar prevalence ? average age of onset ? M:F ?

A
  • 1% lifetime prevalence
  • Equal in men and women
  • Most ppl develop in late teens/early 20s
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the risk another mood episode in bipolar after the first ?

A

> 90%
(compared to 50% in depression)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the overall management of bipolar ?

A

usually always meds (mood stabilisers)
- mood stabilisers
- anticonvulsants
- Antipsychotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

when is lithium used in bipolar management ?

A

usually long term management
- helpful with mani + depressive episodes
(but only reaches therapeutic range after 3-4 days - benzos + AP act quicker)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

when are anticonvulsants used in mania ? give examples and when used ?

A
  • mania (sodium valproate, carbamazepine)
  • Depression (lamotrigine)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

when might antipsychotics be used in bipolar management ?

A
  • faster at treating mania than mood stabilisers
  • might be used in combo or instead of mood stabiliser in long term management
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Name the 5 mood disorders ?

A
  • Dysthymia
  • Cyclothymia
  • Depressive mood disorder
  • Bipolar II
  • Bipolar I
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what different types of bipolar disorders are there ? (4)

A

type I
type II
cyclothymia
mixed state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is bipolar type I ?

A

episodes of mania alternating with eps of depression
(only need 1 manic ep to be diagnosed bipolar I)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is bipolar type II ?

A

characters by eps of hypomania (rather than mania) + depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what is hypomania ? how long ?

A

milder symptoms of mania that is no imparting unction but still disturbance to mood
- 4 or more days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is cyclothymia ? how long ?

A

hypomania (not quite mania) + dysthymia (not quite depression)
- must have features for 2 yrs
- bipolars version of depressions dysthymia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what is mixed state bipolar ? why is this dangerous ?

A

mani + depressed at same time
- low mood/worthlessness/anhedonia plus increased goal driven activity => increased suicide risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

acute management of an agitated manic Px ?which drugs ?

A
  • tranquil environment + de-esclation techniques
  • Rapid acting tranquillisation (voluntary - oral olanzapine or oral lorazepam) (involuntary: IM olanzipine or IM lorazepam)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

acute management of manic Px ? (no agitation)

A
  • discontinue antidepressant
  • Antipsychotic or mood stabilsiter (sodium valproate, lithium, olanzipine)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

long term bipolar management ?

A

mood stabilster/antipsychotic
- depressive ep: addition of antidepressant (fluoxetine)
(but be careful to no cause manic ep)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is schizophrenia ?

A
  • Severe mental illness characterised by psychotic symptoms (hallucinations, delusions and thought disorder)
  • Affect ability to differentiate what is and isn’t real => alter mood, thoughts, perception, belief + behaviour => distressed and fearful, agitated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

psychosis ?

A

abnormal mental state where someone is unable to distinguish what is real + not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Schizophrenia RF ? (4)

A
  • Genetic component
  • Child abuse
  • Cannabis use
  • Increasing paternal age
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is primary psychosis ?

A

psychosis not attributed to another medial condition
(like is schizophrenia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What 2 groups are schizophrenia symptoms split into ? describe each category a bit ? give examples

A
  • positive: present in schizo but not most ppl (hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder)
  • Negative: Not present in schizo that suavely are for most ppl
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what acronym can be used for schizophrenia symptoms ? what does it stand for ?

A

HD BS Network (Radio spread news of fake BS that feels v real to patient)
- Hallucinaitons
- Delusions
- Behaviour (disorg)
- Speech (disorg)
- Negative Sx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what diagnostic criteria needed for schizophrenia diagnosis ? how many symptoms for how long ?

A

need >2 symptoms for at least 6 months
(at least 1 +ve symptom)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what is a hallucination ?

A

perceptions in absence of stimulus (any of the five senses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what are the most common hallucinations in schizophrenia ? describe more

A

most often auditory
- often distressing 3rd person commentary (that is clearly coming form outside of their head)

58
Q

if a patient is responding to their hallucinations, what is this called ?

A

responding to internal stimuli

59
Q

What is a delusion ?

A

fixed false belief (outside cultural norms)
- Cant be shaken and is so clearly incorrect

60
Q

describe the delusions associated with schizophrenia ?

A
  • tend to be paranoid + persecutory in nature
  • Though broadcasting/withdrawal/insertion
  • delusions of control
61
Q

What can show you that a patient has disorganised thought ? (2) give examples (5)

A
  • disorganised behaviour and disorganised speech
  • neologisms, word salad, tangentially, derailment, circumstantiality
62
Q

Name the negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia ?

A

5As
- Affect (blunted)
- Ambililance (can’t make decisions)
- Alogia (struggle with speech)
- Anhedonia
- Asociality

63
Q

what is brief psychotic disorder ?

A

if psychotic symptoms last <1 month

64
Q

if HD BS network symptoms last 1-6 months, what is this ?

A

schizophreniform disorder

65
Q

What is delusional disorder ?

A

ppl develop delusions but no other +ve or -ve symptoms
(can still impact life)

66
Q

Schizophrenia epi - prevelance ? M:F ? age of onset ?

A

0.5 - 1%
M>F (M present earlier of often worse)
age of onset about 25 yrs

67
Q

without treatment, how long can sypomt son psychosis last ?

A

may persist for yrs

68
Q

schizophrenia disease coarse ? how likely to repeat ?

A

life long pattern of acute symptomatic exacerbations on top of progressive functional deterioration (different to mood disorder where function stays same between eps)
- after first exacerbation => >90% chance repeat

69
Q

schizophrenia overall management ?

A

Medications (antipsychotics) plus psychotherapy (this alone is not sufficient - like in bipolar)

70
Q

what medications used in schizophrenia ? type of drug ?

A

antipsychotics (block dopamine NT) => psychotic symptoms resolved in days/weeks
- more effective at reduced +ve symptoms but not so much -ve

71
Q

acute manamgnet of psychotic patient ?

A

if immediate risk to self: tranquillise
- up titrate antipsychotic

72
Q

long term management of schizophrenia ? 1st, 2nd, 3 rd line

A

1st: continue oral non-clozapine antipsychotic (continue for 2 yrs)
2nd: other non-clozapine
3rd: clozapine

73
Q

What is schizoaffective disorder ?

A

Schizo (psychotic), affective (mood)
- A disorder with features of both schizophrenia and affective disorders e.g., depression, bipolar
- (often misdiagnosed - 6 months later + don’t meet criteria)

74
Q

What acronym can be used for shozoaffective disorder ? what does it stand for ? expand

A

schizo-detective disorder => HATS
- Half the time must be spent with mood symptoms (or more, majority)
- Alone (psychotic symptoms also occur alone without mood symptoms)
- Together (psychotic + mood symptoms most occur other at some point)
- Substances (rule out any substance are causing symptoms)

75
Q

What conditions is schizoaffective disorder often mistaken with ? which criteria does this not fill ?

A
  • Bipolar with psychotic manic ep (does not it A criteria of HATS)
  • Dug induced psychosis (does not fit S criteria of HATS)
  • Schizophrenia (schizophrenia can present with -ve symptoms which gets confused for affective disorder)
76
Q

schizoaffective disorder management ?

A

same as schizophrenia and also treatment manic or depressive symptoms as in bipolar

77
Q

Name some delusional subtypes ? (3) most common ?

A
  • erotomania:
  • persecutory (most common)
  • jealous (orthella syndrome)
78
Q

what is ertonmania ?

A

delusional subtype
- ertomania: Px believes that someone important is secretly in love with them => contact that person/ dangerous/assaultative behaviour

79
Q

What is persecutory delusion ?

A

delusional subtype
- persecutory (most common): Px is convinced other are attempting to do them harm

80
Q

What is jealous delusion? also known as ?

A
  • jealous (orthella syndrome): Px believes spouse or pattern has been unfaithful => collect evidence or restrict partner movement
81
Q

What is personality ?

A

how someone acts, thins + feels when interacting with the world

82
Q

what kind of general traits cause personality disorders ? description of the traits (3)

A
  • inflexible
  • Disabling
  • Extreme
83
Q

what do personality disorders lead to ?

A
  • Stress
  • Diability
  • Dysfunction
84
Q

What are cluster A personality disorders ? way to remember them ? acronym ?

A

Cluster A (weird ones)
(PaSS - to the party)
- Paranoid
- Schizoid
- Schizotypal

85
Q

What are cluster B personality disorders ? way to remember them ? acronym ?

A

Cluster B (wild ones)
(BANHed - form the party)
- Borderline
- Antisocial
- Narcissitstic
- Histrionic

86
Q

What are cluster C personality disorders ? way to remember them ? acronym ?

A

Cluster C (worried)
(Dead On Arrival - cos they bring sad vibes)
- Dependant
- Obsessive compulsion
- Avoidant

87
Q

what is the general management for personality disorders ?

A

psychotherapy

88
Q

what is Paranoid personality disorder ?
which cluster ?
tend to believe what ?
leads to what ?

A

paranoid PD (cluster A): persistant pattern of fear, mistrust + suspiciousness
- Tend to believe that others are dicing or exploiting them => tend not to confide in other due to fear of being betrayed
- Can lead to social isolation (cos they think everyone is out to get them)

89
Q

what is schizoid personality disorder ?
which cluster ?
tend to do what ?
indifference to what ?

A

Schizoid - they avoid (cluster A)
- persistent lack of interest in social relationsships
- preference for solitary activities, disinterest in seeking new relationships
- difficultying experiencing pleasure
- indifference to praise/criticism (v unlike cluster B)
- alone + aloof

90
Q

what is schizotypal personality disorder ?
which cluster ?
tend to believe what ?
leads to what ?

A

schizotypal (cluster A)
- presence of odd beliefs relating to other ppl
- Ideas of reference + delusions
- Difficulty relating to there ppl (=> loneliness + isolation)
- 1/3 will progress to schizophrenia diagnosis

91
Q

Why is cluster B personality disorders known as the wild cluster ?

A

due to the emotional instability (high neuroticism)
- stem from intense desire to be loved

92
Q

overal cluster B emotions ? traits ?

A
  • Sadness, dissatisfaction, anger, irritability, emptiness
  • Low self esteem, unstable sense of identity, extreme sensitive to criticism or rejection
93
Q

Describe the overall severity and M/F split to the cluster B personality disorders ?

A

extreme: borderline, antisocial
mild: histrionic, narcissistic

M: antisocial, narcissistic
F: borderline, histrionic

94
Q

what is narcissistic personality disorder ?
which cluster ?
tend to believe what ?
leads to what ?

A

Narcissistic (cluster B): mainly Men
- Inflated sense of self importance, boasting
- Believe to be superior, sense of self entitlement, arrogance
- Inability to empathise with others
- High emotional reactivity when not centre of attention or receive criticism

95
Q

what is histrionic personality disorder ?
which cluster ?
tend to believe what ?
leads to what ?

A

Histrionic (cluster B): mainly women
- pattern of excessive or exaggerated behaviours, need to be centre of attantion
- seducative of provocative behaviours, theatrical speech, unstable affect

96
Q

what are the 9 key criteria for BPD? what acronym ? explain them a bit

A

I DESPAIR
- Identity (unstable => inconsistent sense of self => purposelessness)
- Dysphoria (chronic emptiness feeling)
- Emotional instability (strong and fluctuating emotions)
- Self harm + suicide (often cutting, chronically suicidal)
- Psychoti/dissociative (hallucinations, delusions, paranoia)
- Anger/hostility (externalise or internalise)
- Impulsivity (substance abuse, unsafe sex)
- Relationships (short lived relationships pattern)

97
Q

how many BDP symptoms required for diagnosis ?

A

> 5 / 9 IDESPAIR symptoms for diagnosis

98
Q

BDP epidemiology ? prevalence ? M:F ? presentation age ?

A
  • 5-10%
  • first meet criteria in adolescence
  • M=F
99
Q

describe BPD disease course ?

A

not neesarrily life long
- difficulty keeping a job

100
Q

BPD treatment ?

A
  • DBT: teaching skills (mindfulness, emotional regulation) that target core patterns of disorder
  • diagnose the patient + educate them about the condition
101
Q

What is antisocial personality disorder ? what cluster ? generally

A

ASPD - cluster B
- persistent behaviour that threatens safety of others
- purposeful deception, aggression, violence

102
Q

ASPD presentation ? due to what ?

A

due to low conscientiousness (plus emotional instability, sensitive to rejection + impulsivity)
- criminality
- impulsivity
- disregard for safety
- lying
- agression and violence
- some feel remorse for actions

103
Q

when to ASPD symptoms first present ? and when diagnosed ?

A

symptoms bein in childhood but can only be diagnosed as an adult

104
Q

ASPD epi ? where is it most prevalent ?

A

5% (up to 50% in prison)
peak in adolescentsA

105
Q

ASPD treatment

A

quite a tricky one
- sometimes psychotherapy has some positive effects

106
Q

What is dependant personality disorder ? what cluster ? general

A

dependant PD - cluster C
- over reliance on other ppl in multiple areas of life
- feel unable to live life on their own (responsibilities, decisions, projects)

107
Q

what is obsessive compluscei PD ? what cluster ? describe features

A

OCPD - Cluster C
- need for things to be net + orderly at all times
- perfectionism (able to completes tasks unless completely perfect)
- rigidity
- unwillingness to change or throw things out

108
Q

OCPD managmnet ?

A

CBT is seen to be effective

109
Q

what is avoid bat PD ? what cluster ? descried features

A

Avoidant PD - Cluster C
- chronic avoidance bt still desire human contact (difference to schizoid)
- a bit like social anxiety disorder: avoidance of social engagements, constant worry of being rejected, a view of oneself as inferior

110
Q

avoidant PD treatment ?

A

similar to social anxiety disorder
- SSRIs
- CBT

111
Q

What are the main types of anxiety disorders ? (6)

A
  • GAD
  • Phobias
  • Panic disorder
  • Social anxiety disorders
  • OCD
  • PTSD
112
Q

What 3 symptoms do all phobias have in common?

A
  • Anxiety restricted to the phobia
  • Significant autonomic symptoms (increased breathing, Changes with HR, sweating)
  • Avoidance
113
Q

What is agoraphobia?

A

Fear of marketplace (fears of leaving home, shops, crowds, open places, public transport)

114
Q

How is agoraphobia different to social phobia?

A
  • Social phobia is fear of scrutiny of other people => avoidance of social situation
  • Agoraphobia is fear of crowded spaces => anxiety + autonomic symptoms => avoidance
115
Q

When do phobias tend to arrive?

A

childhood

116
Q

What is panic disorder ?

A

recurrent attacks intense mental + physical discomfort from overreaction of fear response
- not restriciotn to any situation of circumstance (unlike phobias)

117
Q

Dominant symptoms of panic disorder?

A
  • Autonomic symptoms (crecendo => fear of dying => avoidance): sweating, trembling, increased HR, dizziness, nausea, chest pain, sob
  • also symptoms of derealisation/depersonalisation
118
Q

acute and long term management of panic attacks and panic disorder ?

A

acute: bensodiazepines
- Long term: CBT +/- SSRIs

119
Q

What are anxiety disorders ? affects in what ways (3) ?

A

unpleasant mental state where you worry about future possbailties of anger
- physiological, psychological, behavioural

120
Q

acute and chronic sx of an anxiety disorder ?

A

acute: sweating, trembling, high HR, dizziness, nausea, fear of dying, chest pain, sob
- chronic: muscel tension, irritability, sleep difficulting, low energy , restlessness, inattention

121
Q

what is Generalised anxiety disorder ?

A

(excessive + generalised anxiety most days for > 6 months)
- Free floating anxiety
- Chronic, excessive worry for at least six months that causes distress or impairment
- Avoidance isn’t as common as anxiety is not related to specific circumstance

122
Q

GAD treatment ?

A

(without will last for years)
- CBT +/- SSRI

123
Q

Phobias management ?

A

exposure therapy
(meds not so useful)

124
Q

What is social anxiety disorder ?

A

anxiety related to the possibility of judgement or rejection => avoidance

125
Q

What aerological factors precipitate anxiety disorders ?

A
  • genetic vulnerability => reduced regulation of neurochemistry => affect seritonergic function
  • environmental factor triggers initial episode => cognitive reconditioning perpetuates pathological anxiety state
126
Q

Explain benzodiazepine usage in anxiety disorders

A
  • highly effective in acute anxiety
  • negative: highly addictive, tolerance (efficacy reduces after a couple weeks)
127
Q

What is OCD ? 3 main components ?

A

(its in the name)
obsessions + complussions that leads to dysfunction + distress
- Obsessive thoughts
- (and/or) Compulsions
- Disorder

128
Q

Describe the obsessions and obsessive thoughts associated with OCD ? (7)

A
  • Intrusive (enter suddenly)
  • mind based (recognised that come form own mind - different from schizophrenia)
  • unwanted - try to ignore
  • resistant
  • distressing (fear of causing harm to someone)
  • egodystonic (discordant with self)
  • recurrent
129
Q

describe the compulsions associated with OCD ?

A

specific behaviours that reduce the distress causes by obsessions (calm-pulsions)
- neutralising behaviours that clam intense feelings of anxiety that obsessions bring
- Not enjoyable and does result in completion of a task

130
Q

What makes OCD a disorder ?

A

relief brought by the compulsions is only temporary => endless loop (=> time consuming) => affect work, social life

131
Q

OCD epi. prevelance? M:F ? age of onset ?

A

1% prevelance
- M=F
- onset during childhood/adoeschecne
- non-episodic

132
Q

OCD diagnostic criteria ?

A

obsessions +/or compulsions that cause marked distress + time consuming (>1hr/day)

133
Q

OCD Mx ? first and second line ?

A
  • psychotherapy: Exposure + response prevention (ERP): increase time between obsession + compulsion
  • 2nd line: medications: SSRI (clomipramine)
134
Q

What is PTSD ? characterised by ? (3)

A

A disorder that may develop following a traumatic event characteristised by
- re-experiencing
- hyperarousal
- avoidance

135
Q

What is a traumatic event ?

A

violent of life threatening (=> feelings of fear/helplessness)
- can be acute or chronic trauma

136
Q

What does re-experiencing the event mean in terms of PTSD ?

A

flashbacks or nightmares (sudden + unexpected re-expericing episodes of trauma)
- often caused by exposure to a trigger

137
Q

What is hyperarousal in terms of PTSD ?

A
  • autonomic hyperarousal + hypervigilence
    (eventually becomes persistent + generalised)
  • State of alert, easily startled
138
Q

PTSD diagnostic criteria ?

A

re-experiencing, hyperarousal + avoidance following traumatic event => long lasting distress (for more than 1 month)

139
Q

PTSD epi. prevelance ? F:M ?

A

3% prevelance
- F>M (x2)

140
Q

PTSD Mx ? (3) nightmares?

A

most effective: trauma focused CBT of EMDR (+/- andidepressant (SSRI))
- prozasin (to help with nightmares)

141
Q

What is acute stress disorder ? how different to PTSD ?

A

differentiated by time frame
- Sx occurring immediately after traumatic event (PTSD is only after 1 month of Sx)

142
Q

what is complex PTSD ? usually caused by ?

A

usually caused by chronic trauma during neuro dev years (child abuse)
- reexperiencing, hyperarousal + avoidance following traumatic even => long lasting distress (same as PTSD) PLUS
- emotions dysregulation
- negative self concept
- interpersonally difficulteis

3a (43 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions