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3a > Neurology: Physiology > Flashcards

Neurology: Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

In NS: what are the 2 general groups of cells?

A
  • Neurones
  • Glial cells
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2
Q

What is the role of neurones?

A

Send and receive neurotransmitters
(they can be sensory, motor or interneurones)

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3
Q

What is the role of glial cells?

A
  • Support
  • Nourish
  • Insulate
  • Remove water products of metabolism
    …for the neurones
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4
Q

Function of neuronal cell body? other name for it?

A

Stroma
- Contains nucleus + organelles
- It is the centre of neuronal metabolism (site of protein synthesis)

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5
Q

Function of neuronal dendrites? what are they?

A
  • Originate from stoma and project outwards
  • They transmit signals from other neurones => storm (receive info)
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6
Q

Function of neuronal axon ?

A

AP arises from axon hillock => transmitted along axon

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7
Q

Function of neuronal axon terminal?

A

synapse
- Contain neurotransmitters which are released to synapses to allow signal transmission

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8
Q

Schwann cell function? found where?

A

Insulate axon with myelin sheath?
- Found in PNS

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9
Q

What are the different types of glial cells? (4)

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Ependymal
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10
Q

Describe neurones relationship with glycogen?

A

Neurones can’t produce or store glycogen but astrocytes can so store it on neurones behalf

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11
Q

Astrocytes function? (4)

A
  • Metabolic support (glycogen and lactate store)
  • Regulate ions (remove excess K+ => prevent spontaneous depolarisation)
  • Breakdown harmful substances (excess neurotransmitter)
  • Promotion of myelination by oligodendrocytes
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12
Q

Oligodendrocytes function

A

Insulation of the cells of the CNS with the myelin sheath

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13
Q

How many axons can oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells insulate ?

A
  • Oligodendrocytes: one oligo can myelinated 50 axonal segments
  • Schwann cell: can only myelinated one axonal segment
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14
Q

Glial cells: microglia function?

A

Resident immune cells (recognise foreign antigens => initiate phagocytosis)

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15
Q

Glial cells: Ependymal cell function? where are they found? together they make the?

A
  • Thin lining of the ventricular system of brain + spinal cord
  • Makes up the choroid plexus: responsible for production of CSF
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16
Q

What is CSF?

A

Clear watery fluid surrounding the brain & spinal cord

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17
Q

Where is CSF found?

A

Contained with subarachnoid space + central canal of the spinal cord

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18
Q

How does the contents of CSF compare to blood?

A

Generally everything in CSF conc is lower in everything except same osmolality and higher in protein and Na+ and Cl-

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19
Q

Describe the flow of CSF

A
  • Produced continuously in choroid plexus (ependymal cells in 2 lateral ventricles + roof of 3 + 4)
  • Lateral => 3rd => 4th => subarachnoid => central canal (through 2 lateral foramina of luschka or medial foramen magendie)
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20
Q

How does blood get filtered to become CSF?

A

In choroid plexus: blood freely permeates through fenestrated capillary loops and ependymal cells create blood-CSF layer

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21
Q

How is CSf cleared?

A

CSF drained into superior sagittal venous sinus through arachnoid villi

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22
Q

Functions of CSF?

A
  • Bouyancy (makes brain weigh less)
  • Protection (shock absorber)
  • Homeostasis
  • Clearing waste
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23
Q

Where do the waste products of the brain go?

A

excreted into CSF => bloodstream

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24
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Endogenous chemicals that allow communication:
1) within nervous system
2) between NS and rest of body

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25
Q

Between what junction are neurotransmitters present?

A
  • One neurone to another (synapse)
  • Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
  • Neurone to target gland
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26
Q

what is most abundant NT in brain? what type?

A

Glutamate
- Excitatory NT (increase electrical excitability on post-synaptic side)

27
Q

Name an inhibitory NT?

A

GABA

28
Q

What 2 (/3) categories can the PNS be split into?

A
  • Somatic
  • Autonomic
    (- Enteric)
29
Q

What does somatic NS do?

A

Responsible for voluntary, conscious control of skeletal muscle

30
Q

General function of SNS? PSNS?

A

SNS: fight or flight
PSNS: rest and digest

31
Q

Spinal cord distribution of SNS? PSNS?

A

SNS: Thoracolumbar
PSNS: Craniosacral

32
Q

Describe SNS and PSNS pre + postganglionic neurone length

A

SNS: Pre: short, Post: long (think sympathetic chain)
PSNS: Pre: long, Post: short

33
Q

Describe SNS and PSNS pre + postganglionc neurotransmitters?

A

SNS: Pre: ACh, Post: NAd
PSNS: Pre: ACh, Post: ACh

34
Q

What is normal resting membranes potential?

A

sits between -50 and -75 mV

35
Q

Describe the main neuronal intractable + extra cellular ions

A

Intralcellular: K+
Extra: Na+, Cl-

36
Q

describe AP. Channels?

A

AP begins at axon hillock => voltage gated Na channels open => Na+ influx => (reach threshold potential) => Na channels close + voltage gated K= channels open => K+ efflux

37
Q

What ions are responsible for neuronal depolarisation? hyper polarisation? describe the direction of movement of the ions

A

Depolarisation: Na+ => into cell
Hyperpolarisation: K+ => out of cell

38
Q

describe the 2 types of refectory periods

A

Absolute RP: Sodium channel enter inactive period after AP
relative RP: after absolute: as Na channels come out of inactivation => neurone can be excited with stimuli stronger than normal

39
Q

Describe myelin in terms of resistance and capacitance

A
  • Increase resistance
  • Decrease capacitance (ability to store charge)
40
Q

Is myelin found in cells of CNS or PNS?

A

both!

41
Q

What is myelin sheath made out of ?

A

made of lipid-rich substance (mainly lipoprotein)

42
Q

What makes up the CNS? which cranial nerves arise here?

A

brain + spinal cord (CN I + II (myelinated by oligodendrocytes))

43
Q

what makes up the PNS?

A
  • 12 pairs of CN
  • 31 Paris of spinal nerves
  • peripheral nerves
  • NMJ
44
Q

where is primary motor area in brain? primary sensory area?

A
  • precentral gyrus - primary motor area
  • post central gyrus - primary sensory area
45
Q

what arteries form the vascular supply to the brain? (2)

A
  • vertebral artery
  • Internal carotid artery
46
Q

what does the BBB do ?

A

blood brain barrier
- precent free flow of blood to brain
- Protect neural tissue from toxins

47
Q

what is the medulla involved in maintenance of?

A
  • muscle tone
  • controls HR, breathing, BP
48
Q

what is the cerebellum function ?

A
  • refining motor control
  • Motor leaning
49
Q

What are ascending tracts?

A

the neural pathway by which sensory info from peripheral nerves =? cerebral cortex

50
Q

what 2 categories of ascending tracts are there ?

A
  • Conscious tracts
  • Unconscious tracts
51
Q

Name some conscious ascending tracts?

A
  • DCML pathway, anterolateral system
52
Q

Name an unconscious ascending tract?

A

spinocerebellar tracts

53
Q

What sensory modalities does the DCML carry ?

A
  • fine touch
  • vibration
  • proprioception
54
Q

describe the ascent of the DCML ? where do they decussate ? 1st, 2nd, 3rd order neurones ?

A

1st: peripheral nerves => medulla
2nd: medulla => fibres decussate => thalamus
3rd: thalamus => primary sensory cortex

55
Q

what sensory modalities does the anterolateral (spinothalamic) system carry?

A
  • crude touch + pressure
  • Pain + temp
56
Q

describe the ascent of the anterolateral (spinothalamic) ? where do they decussate ? 1st, 2nd, 3rd order neurones ?

A

1st: arrise form peripheral sensory receptor => spinal cord =>ascend 1-2 vertebral levels => synapse at tip of dorsal horn
2nd: dorsal hormones => thalamus
3rd order: thalamus => primary sensory corte

57
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

Part of the brain involved in behavioural + emotional responses

58
Q

What are the basal ganglia?

A

subcortical nuclei responsible for motor control, motor learning, emotions

59
Q

What are descending tracts?

A

they are the pathway by which motor signals are send from brain to LMN

60
Q

what are the 2 categories of descending tracts?

A
  • Pyramidal
  • Extra-pyramidal
61
Q

where do pyramidal tracts originate ? and control what ?

A

pyramidal (descending tracts): originate from cerebral cortex (voluntary control of body + face)

62
Q

name some pyramidal tracts

A

pyramidal (descending tracts)
- corticospinal
- Corticobulbar

63
Q

Name some extra-pyramidal tracts

A

extrapyramidal tracts (descending tracts)
- Vestibulospinal
- Reticulspinal

3a (43 decks)

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