Week 8 pt. 1 Flashcards
1
Q
a mass of cells whose growth is uncontrolled and that serves no useful function.
A
Tumors
2
Q
2 types of tumors
A
cancerous vs. benign
3
Q
How do we know if a tumor is benign?
A
it will be encapsulated
4
Q
Tumors damage brain tissue by: (2)
Which kind of tumor does what?
A
- Compression
- Infiltration
- Malignant can compress and infiltrate
- Benign tend to only compress
5
Q
2 kinds of brain tumors
A
primary and secondary
6
Q
primary brain tumor starts in the
A
CNS
7
Q
secondary brain tumors develop when cancer does what?
A
Metastasize to brain
8
Q
most common cancer to Metastasize
A
Lung & breast cancer
9
Q
Grade 1 of CNS tumor (2)
A
- low proliferative potential
- can be cured with surgical resection (sometimes)
10
Q
grade 4 CNS tumor
A
- history of malignancy
- Mitotically active
- prone to necrosis
- pre/post-op disease progression (i.e., fatal)
11
Q
MOST common primary brain tumor type (33%)
A
Gliomas
12
Q
tumor of the astrocytes
A
Astrocytoma
13
Q
tumor of the meninges, usually benign and slow growing
A
Meningioma
14
Q
Name of a grade 4 Astrocytoma
A
Glioblastoma Multiforme
* Most aggressive tumor form
*Average survival rate from diagnosis approx. 2years
* Higher Incidence in white individuals
15
Q
main 3 treatments for tumors:
A
- surgical resection
- radiation
- Chemotherapy
16
Q
a period of sudden, excessive activity of cerebral neurons.
A
Seizure
17
Q
Dx of of recurrent seizures
A
epilepsy
18
Q
3 types of general seizure
A
- tonic-clonic
- absense
- atonic
19
Q
What seizure causes NO major change in consciousness?
A
simple partial
20
Q
What type of seizure causes a loss in consciousness?
A
complex partial
21
Q
Focal vs general seizure
A
specific part of the brain affected vs. both sides/areas of the brain affected
22
Q
Most severe form of seizure
A
Tonic-Clonic/Grand Mal Seizures
23
Q
tonic vs clonic phase
A
stiffening of muscles vs. jerking or twitching
24
Q
What type of seizure includes convulsions
A
Tonic-Clonic/Grand Mal Seizures
25
Sudden lapse in consciousness
Absence “Petit Mal” Seizures
26
Absence “Petit Mal” Seizures usually last how long?
Last less than 15 seconds
27
“drop seizures”
Atonic Seizures
28
Symptoms of a absence seizure: (4)
* Staring blankly into space
* Eyelid fluttering
* Lip smacking
* Involuntary hand movements
29
Sudden loss of muscle control (collapse or fall) occurs during what type of seizure?
Atonic seizure
30
__% of those with seizure d/o show damage to the hippocampus
50%
31
Challenges post seizure: (6)
* damage to the hippocampus
* Falling
* Drowning
* Car accidents – unable to drive for 1 year post seizure event
* Pregnancy complications
* Emotional health issues with epilepsy
32
Most common emotional health issues with epilepsy: (3)
ADHD, anxiety, and aggression
33
Epilepsy increases risk of schizophrenia by how much?
2.5x
34
__-__% experience postictal psychosis
6-10%
35
occur when prion protein, found throughout the body, begins folding into an abnormal three-dimensional shape.
Prion Diseases
36
Most common prion disease:
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
"Mad Cow Disease"
37
Seizure First Aid:
Stay - with the person
Safe - keep them
Side - turn person on the side
38
Disease cause from eating contaminated human brain tissue
Kuru Disease
39
Causes severe mental deterioration and dementia – 8 month avg
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
"Mad Cow Disease"
40
Kuru Disease takes __-__ years to incubate
10-50
41
Kuru Disease translates into what?
"trembling" aka laughing sickness
42
Caused by the degeneration of dopamine-secreting neurons in the substantia nigra that send axon to the basal ganglia = a deficiency of automatic, habitual motor responses.
Parkinson’s Disease
43
__% of cases of Parkinson's are sporadic
95%
44
symptoms of Parkinson's (5)
* Dystonia = rigidity
* Bradyskinesia & Slowed reaction times=falls
* Shuffling gait
* Face Masking
* Tremors
45
Treatments for Parkinson's (4) LIDD
* L-Dopa - time-limited, side effects of hallucinations and delusions
* Deprenyl – slows Parkinson’s progression
* Intentional lesioning of the pathway
* Deep Brain Stimulation
46
Causes 75% relief of symptoms with Parkinson's
Deep Brain Stimulation
47
Deep brain stimulation relief is contraindicated in those with ____________ or ____________ impairments
cognitive or memory impairments
48
Most common tremor associated with Parkinson's
pill rolling tremor
49
Inherited disease resulting in degeneration of the basal ganglia - chromosome 4 mutation
Huntington’s Disease
50
age of onset for Huntington’s Disease
30-50 years old
51
symptoms of Huntington’s Disease (3)
* Chorea– involuntary jerking movements
* Dystonia - rigidity
* Slurred speech and swallow difficulties
52
degenerative disorder that attacks spinal cord and cranial nerve motor neurons, which causes brain and muscle connection loss - mutation of chromosome 21
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
53
Symptoms of ALS: (3)
* Progressive weakness and muscular atrophy - eventual loss of speech, swallow w/paralysis
* Eye movements spared
* Death typically caused by respiratory failure–typically within 24 months
54
typical age of onset for ALS?
Rate of heritability?
* 50's
* 10% heritability
55
an autoimmune demyelinating disease.
Multiple Sclerosis
56
onset of Multiple Sclerosis
late 20's-30's
57
Multiple Sclerosis causes damage to the white matter or grey matter?
white
58
risk factors for Multiple Sclerosis (4)
* Females > Males
* Living far from the equator
* Black or white race
* Smoking
59
symptoms of multiple sclerosis (5)
* Fatigue
* Vision problems
* Slowed Processing Speeds
* Spasms
* Bladder/bowel dysfunction
60
What does "sclerosis" translate to?
hardening
61
4 types of multiple sclerosis
* secondary progressive
* primary progressive
* relapsing - remitting
* progressive - relapsing
62
Inflammation of the meninges caused by viruses or bacteria.
Meningitis
63
Meningitis is caused by? (4)
* Virus!
* Bacteria
* Fungus
* Parasite
64
symptoms of meningitis (6) F-SHAPS
* Stiff neck!
* Headache
* aseptic meningitis syndrome (AMS)
* Fever
* Photophobia - light sensitive
* Sometimes – convulsions, LOC, death
65
Miniges test: (2)
* Brudzunski's sign - Severe neck stiffness causes a patient's hips and knees to flex when the neck is flexed
* Kernig's sign - pain or resistance with passive extension of the patient's knees past 135 degrees in the setting of meningeal irritation.
66
Most common Dementia
Alzheimer
67
what can trigger Alzheimers?
Exposure to toxins, TBI, infections may trigger abnormal B-amyloid formation (estrogen lowers risk)
68
Differentials of Alzheimers? (3)
- Later in life 70+
- Memory loss
- Getting lost in familiar places
69
Vascular Dementia is associated with brain damage due to: (2)
* Ischemic injury - reduced blood flow
* Anoxia - lack of oxygen
70
risk factors for vascular dementia is the same as it is for _________.
strokes
71
typical age of onset for vascular dementia?
65
72
impairments seen in both Alzheimer's and vascular dementia
Executive/Attentional Functioning
73
vascular dementia shows impairments in __________ memory
semantic memory
74
Alzheimer's dementia shows impairments in __________ memory
episodic memory
75
cueing/recognition does not help with _________ dementia
alzheimers
76
Characterized by the abnormal build up of alpha-synuclein proteins into masses
Dementia with Lewy Body Disease
77
usual first symptoms of Dementia with Lewy Body Disease
visual hallucinations
78
2 most common symptoms of Dementia with Lewy Body Disease
* visual hallucinations (not distressing)
* falls & dysautonomia
79
Umbrella term for a group of brain diseases known as frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Fronto-Temporal Dementia
80
3 types of Fronto-Temporal Dementia
- behavioral variant
- primary progressive aphasia
- movement disorders
81
Accumulation of Tau protein overwhelms the brain and causes tissue death, resulting in what type of dementia?
Fronto-Temporal Dementia
