Week 5

Question 1

Astrocytes store what?

Answer 1

glycogen for “emergency energy”

Question 2

Histamines

Answer 2

encourages arousal and wakefulness.

Question 3

Histamines activate the release of what?

Answer 3

Acetylcholine

Question 4

Cortical Desynchrony

Answer 4

low voltage mixed frequencies - hallmark of REM sleep.

Question 5

When is Acetylcholine high?

Answer 5

High during wakefulness and REM

Question 6

Serotonin is high/low during REM?

Answer 6

low

Question 7

Norepinephrine

Answer 7

increases at the Locus Coeruleus Firing, which means increased Vigilance/Focus

Question 8

Orexin

Answer 8

Promotes awareness. High during alert or active waking, especially exploratory activity.

Question 9

Melatonin

Answer 9

Produced by the Pineal Gland in response to evening/darkness about 2 hours before normal sleep time

Question 10

Primary insomnia

Answer 10

difficulty falling asleep after going to bed or after awakening during the night.

Question 11

Secondary insomnia

Answer 11

inability to sleep due to another mental or physical condition (e.g., pain, medication)

Question 12

insomnia effects what percent of the population?

Answer 12

30%-40%

Question 13

Narcolepsy

Answer 13

REM related symptoms occur inappropriately. A orexin-related neurological disorder

Question 14

3 symptoms of Narcolepsy:

Answer 14

sleep attacks, cataplexy, and sleep paralysis

Question 15

gold standard for narcolepsy tx:

Answer 15

modafinil*, methylphenidate, SSRIs

Question 16

REM Sleep Behavior D/O

Answer 16

Lack of muscle paralysis during REM = acting out of dreams. Treated with Clonazepam

Question 17

Sleep Apnea

Answer 17

difficulty sleeping and breathing at the same time

Question 18

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Answer 18

d/t narrowing of airway (obesity, enlarged tonsils, hormonal changes)

Question 19

Central Sleep Apnea

Answer 19

brain does not signal need to breath.

Question 20

Maladaptive Slow-Wave Sleep Bxs in Children

Answer 20

Bedwetting (nocturnal enuresis), Sleepwalking (somnambulism), and Night terrors (pavor nocturnus).

Question 21

Disordered Circadian Rhythms (4)

Answer 21

Alzheimer’s disease, Schizophrenia, Depression, and suicide.

Question 22

Sleep D/O’s Post- TBI

Answer 22

Up to 80% report sleep problems after injury.

Poor sleep = poorer recovery trajectory due to increased risk for mood d/o’s, ongoing cog deficits, and neurodegeneration.

Question 23

3 types of emotional response

Answer 23

hormonal, autonomic, and behavioral

Question 24

James-Lang theory

Answer 24

stimulus, then physical arousal, then emotional response

Question 25

Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 25

stimulus, then emotional response and arousal happen simultaneously

Question 26

Schachter-Singer theory

Answer 26

stimulus, arousal, cognitive appraisal, and then emotional response.

Question 27

core processor of fear?

Answer 27

amygdala

Question 28

plays a key role in knowing what is adverse stimuli

Answer 28

amygdala

Question 29

emotions when amygdala + hippocampus

Answer 29

long-term memory (episodic & long-term potentiation)

Question 30

emotions when amygdala + hypothalamus

Answer 30

fight or flight

Question 31

emotions when amygdala + thalamus

Answer 31

unconscious fear processing - ability to react before fully processing your environment.

Question 32

3 nucleus in the amygdala

Answer 32

lateral nucleus, central nucleus, and basal nucleus

Question 33

lateral nucleus

Answer 33

Regarded as the SENSORY INPUT GATEWAY

Question 34

central nucleus

Answer 34

Key role in emotional response to AVERSIVE STIMULI. prevents a reaction to the adverse stimuli

Question 35

Basal Nucleus

Answer 35

Major OUTPUT PATHWAYS to cerebral cortex

Question 36

increased amygdala but decreased ventromedial prefrontal cortex activation

Answer 36

found in PTSD

Question 37

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

Answer 37

Damage to the bilateral amygdaloid nuclei (anterior temporal lobes) and hippocampus

Results in:
* Absence of Fear & Anger Response
* Psychic Blindness/Visual Agnosia
* Hyper-orality
* Hyper-sexuality w/o sexual desire
* Binge Eating Disorder/Bulimia
* Memory Disorders

Question 38

Urbach-Weithe Disease (Patient S.M)

Answer 38

genetic disorder. Lack of pathway to VMPFC = no inhibition from typical fear inducing stimuli

Question 39

agression heritability

Answer 39

50-65%

Question 40

VMPFC

Answer 40

Impulse Control, Courage, Moral-Decision Making

Question 41

what side of your face is more expressive?

Answer 41

left side