Week 5 Flashcards
Astrocytes store what?
glycogen for “emergency energy”
Histamines
encourages arousal and wakefulness.
Histamines activate the release of what?
Acetylcholine
Cortical Desynchrony
low voltage mixed frequencies - hallmark of REM sleep.
When is Acetylcholine high?
High during wakefulness and REM
Serotonin is high/low during REM?
low
Norepinephrine
increases at the Locus Coeruleus Firing, which means increased Vigilance/Focus
Orexin
Promotes awareness. High during alert or active waking, especially exploratory activity.
Melatonin
Produced by the Pineal Gland in response to evening/darkness about 2 hours before normal sleep time
Primary insomnia
difficulty falling asleep after going to bed or after awakening during the night.
Secondary insomnia
inability to sleep due to another mental or physical condition (e.g., pain, medication)
insomnia effects what percent of the population?
30%-40%
Narcolepsy
REM related symptoms occur inappropriately. A orexin-related neurological disorder
3 symptoms of Narcolepsy:
sleep attacks, cataplexy, and sleep paralysis
gold standard for narcolepsy tx:
modafinil*, methylphenidate, SSRIs
REM Sleep Behavior D/O
Lack of muscle paralysis during REM = acting out of dreams. Treated with Clonazepam
Sleep Apnea
difficulty sleeping and breathing at the same time
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
d/t narrowing of airway (obesity, enlarged tonsils, hormonal changes)
Central Sleep Apnea
brain does not signal need to breath.
Maladaptive Slow-Wave Sleep Bxs in Children
Bedwetting (nocturnal enuresis), Sleepwalking (somnambulism), and Night terrors (pavor nocturnus).
Disordered Circadian Rhythms (4)
Alzheimer’s disease, Schizophrenia, Depression, and suicide.
Sleep D/O’s Post- TBI
Up to 80% report sleep problems after injury.
Poor sleep = poorer recovery trajectory due to increased risk for mood d/o’s, ongoing cog deficits, and neurodegeneration.
3 types of emotional response
hormonal, autonomic, and behavioral
James-Lang theory
stimulus, then physical arousal, then emotional response
