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Neurobehavior > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

neuraxis

A

the line of our spinal cord from top to bottom

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2
Q

anterior/rostral

A

toward the head

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3
Q

posterior/caudal

A

toward the tail

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4
Q

dorsal

A

toward top of head or back

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5
Q

ventral

A

toward the front surface surface facing ground (belly)

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6
Q

medial

A

towards the middle (neuraxis)

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7
Q

ipsilateral

A

on the same side of your body

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8
Q

contralateral

A

on the opposite side of the body

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9
Q

unilateral

A

one side

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10
Q

bilateral

A

two sides

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11
Q

proximal

A

nearest point of attachment to limb or structure (close proximity)

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12
Q

distal

A

farthest away from attachment or origin (more distance)

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13
Q

coronal

A

cross section dividing the body into dorsal and ventral parts.

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14
Q

horizontal

A

parallel to ground

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15
Q

sagittal plane

A

perpendicular to the ground and parallel to neuraxis

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16
Q

midsagittal plane

A

divides brain into equal halves.

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17
Q

nervous system

A

helps the body communicate through through the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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18
Q

3 levels of protection to the brain

A

skull, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid

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19
Q

skull/cranium structure

A

made like a jigsaw puzzle, 8 bones total

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20
Q

weakest point of the brain

A

pterion

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21
Q

strongest point of the brain

A

jawbone

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22
Q

Meninges - 3 parts

A

PAD: Pia matter, arachnoid membrane, dura matter

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23
Q

dura matter

A

outer layer - thick and tough

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24
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

middle layer - soft and spongey

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25
Q

pia matter

A

around every surface - contains small surface cells

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26
Q

CSF/Ventricular system provides what 3 things?

A

protection, nourishment, and waste remove

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27
Q

what produces and secrets cerebrospinal fluid

A

the choroid plexus in the ventricular system

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28
Q

what is an obstructive hydrocephalus

A

blockage in the ventricular system or a squeezing that prevents flow of CSF.

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29
Q

brain usage breakdown

A

20% of total resting oxygen

15-20% of total blood flow goes to the brain

60% of glucose metabolism

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30
Q

brain energy division

A

Approx. 25% = maintaining neurons and glial cells

Approx. 75% = electrical signaling across the brain’s circuits

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31
Q

Neural tube

A

serves as the embryonic brain and spinal cord the, the central nervous system.

32
Q

Neuronal Migration

A

brings neuronal cells to their appropriate locations.

33
Q

Apoptosis

A

planned and purposeful neuronal cell death (umbilical cord)

34
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

a natural process that occurs in the brain between early childhood and adulthood. During synaptic pruning, the brain eliminates extra synapses.

35
Q

Difficulties with Synaptic Pruning (2 diagnoses associated)

A

Schizophrenia correlated with decreased synapses

Autism correlated with increased synapses

36
Q

Largest component of the brain

A

Telencephalon - includes the left and right hemispheres

37
Q

4 lobes of the brain

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

38
Q

where are the hemispheres joined?

A

corpus callosum

39
Q

sulci

A

small groves

40
Q

fissures

A

large grooves

41
Q

gyri

A

bulges between the sulk and fissures

42
Q

necrosis

A

unplanned and uncontrolled cell death (chemotherapy/radiation)

43
Q

3 major divisions

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

44
Q

forebrain

A

higher level functioning processes - thinking

45
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus & Hypothalamus - deep in the brain connects forebrain to hindbrain

46
Q

convolutions (3)

A

sulci, fissures, gyri

47
Q

Cortex Components (4)

A

glia, cell bodies, dendrites & axons

48
Q

glia

A

supportive and nourishing cells

49
Q

what makes up myelin? (percentage)

A

80% lipids, 20%
protein

50
Q

what does myelin do?

A

increase speed of action potentials in synapses and provides insulation

51
Q

Central Sulcus

A

boundary between the frontal and parietal lob and the motor and sensory cortex

52
Q

where is the PREcentral Gyrus located?

A

Primary Motor Cortex

53
Q

where is the POSTcentral Gyrus located?

A

Somatosensory cortex

54
Q

Somatosensory cortex processes all senses expect for which two?

A

smell and taste

55
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

social conduct - executive fxns (emo regulation, planning, reasoning, inhibitory control etc.), personality

56
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

planning and strategizing, along with empathy and guilt

57
Q

homunculus

A

shows a model of how much Brian tissue is devoted to sensory/motor information in a particular area.

58
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

integrating sensory information, including touch, temperature, pressure and pain.

59
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

primary auditory cortex - processing sensory information, particularly important for hearing, recognizing language, and
forming memories.

60
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

primary visual cortex - visual processing (depth, distance, location)

61
Q

4 parts of the limbic system

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus

62
Q

thalamus

A

relay station (diencephalon)

63
Q

hypothalamus

A

homeostasis (diencephalon)

64
Q

amygdala

A

emotional center

65
Q

hippocampus

A

seahorse shaped - formation of new memories

66
Q

damage to the hippocampus

A

memory loss, disorientation, mood swings, and Alzheimer’s

67
Q

PTSD has increased activity in the:

A

amygdala

68
Q

psychopathy has decreased activity in the:

A

amygdala

69
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

part of the limbic system - controls motor control, motor learning, exec. functioning, and emotions

70
Q

Substantia Nigra produces what?

A

dopamine

71
Q

what does dopamine modulate?

A

the basil ganglia functioning

72
Q

Suppression of Motor Function causes what?

A

decreased purposeful movement.

73
Q

dopamine dysfunctions can cause:

A

movement disorders (i.e., Parkinson’s, dystonia, chorea, and tics).

74
Q

childhood adversity can cause:

A

lower levels of grey matter in the amygdala, hippocampus,
and prefrontal cortex

75
Q

extreme neglect can cause:

A

decreased brain activation

Neurobehavior (17 decks)

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