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Neurobehavior > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

midbrain/Mesencephalon

A

serves important functions in motor movement and serves as the pathway between the spinal cord, cerebellum, and forebrain.

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2
Q

Principle structures of the tectum (2)

A

superior colliculi & inferior colliculi

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3
Q

Tegmentum “the covering”

A

raps around the cerebral aqueduct (connects 3rd and 4th ventricles

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4
Q

Principle structures of the Tegmentum (3)

A

– Periaqueductal gray matter (PAG)
– Raphe (red) Nucleus
– Substantia Nigra (black)

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5
Q

Periaqueductal gray matter
(PAG)

A

Pain modulation (endogenous and exogenous opioids act here)

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6
Q

Raphe (red) Nucleus

A

synthesizes serotonin, but not the only structure that does this. SSRIs are believed to largely impact the raphe nuclei

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7
Q

Substantia (black) Nigra

A

key role in dopamine production

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8
Q

The Hindbrain contains:

A

Metencephalon and Myelencephalon

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9
Q

Metencephalon (“afterbrain”) is made of three parts:

A

Pons & Cerebellum

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10
Q

Cerebellum “little brain”

A

Attached to pons by cerebellar peduncles Posture, balance, fine motor movement (ataxia), motor learning (works w/BG), proprioception (knowing where you are in space)

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11
Q

Pons “bridge”

A

Translates signals b/t the cerebellum and cerebrum (e.g., sensory cues, motor information)
Regulates breathing and arousal

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12
Q

what does damage to the Pons cause?

A

locked-in syndrome (stroke, trauma, late-stage ALS)

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13
Q

Medulla Oblongata/Myelencephalon

A

Controls basic functions of the autonomic nervous system:
* Respiration
* Cardiac function
* Vasodilation
* Reflexes like vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and swallowing

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14
Q

Damage or enlargement of the Medulla Oblongata causes (3):

A

respiratory failure, paralysis, loss of sensation.

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15
Q

Brainless the Salamander

A

They took our everything but the medulla oblongata and he lived. confirmed the function of the medulla oblongata

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16
Q

Reticular Formation (3)

A
  • Complex network of neurons located in the brain stem
  • Connections to the hypothalamus and thalamus.
  • Helps support wakefulness/alertness & filters incoming information.
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17
Q

Spinal Cord is made of what three parts?

A
  • The cervical spinal cord sends nerves to the face and neck.
  • The thoracic spinal cord sends nerves to the arms, chest, and abdomen.
  • The lumbar-sacral spinal cord sends nerves to the lower body.
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18
Q

Spinal Cord main function

A

Sends motor commands from the brain to the body, send sensory information from the body to the brain, and coordinate reflexes

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19
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

Relay sensory information to the brain from the body and vice versa – also control reflexes.

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20
Q

Sensory neurons

A

carry signals from the outer parts of your body (periphery) into the central nervous system.

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21
Q

Motor neurons

A

carry signals from the central nervous system to the outer parts (muscles, skin, glands) of your body.

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22
Q

Interneurons

A

connect various neurons within the brain and spinal cord.

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23
Q

3 neurons of the Somatic NS

A

Sensory, motor, and interneurons

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24
Q

Spinal nerves:

A

Afferent and Efferent. They are mixed nerves that carry sensory information into and motor commands out of the spinal cord.

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25
Q

Cranial nerves:

A

They are the nerve fibers that carry information into and out of the brain stem.

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26
Q

Afferent axons

A

bring information inward, toward the CNS

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27
Q

Efferent axons

A

send information outward

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28
Q

Dermatome

A

areas of skin on your body that rely on specific nerve connections on your spine.

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29
Q

Myotome

A

A group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve

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30
Q

ASIA impairment scale

A

A = Complete
E = Normal

typically can only improve by one letter

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31
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

–Twelve pairs are attached to the ventral surface of the brain (know there are 12 for the test)
–Most serve sensory and motor functions of the head and neck region

32
Q

The vagus nerve

A

regulates the functions of organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities:
▪ Longest cranial nerve.
▪ Helps body exit “fight or flight”

33
Q

What 2 systems make up the Autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic Division & Parasympathetic Division

34
Q

Sympathetic Division

A

“fight, flight, freeze, fawn”
– Controls functions that accompany arousal and expenditure of energy
– Coordinates responses to a stressor
– Aka Thoracolumbar System

35
Q

Parasympathetic Division

A

“rest & digest”
- Involved with increases in body’s supply of stored energy
- Coordinates rest and relax responses after the body has been stressed * Aka Craniosacral System
- Vagus Nerve responsible for the calming following a stressful situation

36
Q

Neurons

A

Most basic Information- processing and information- transmitting element of the nervous system

37
Q

Neurons contain four main structures:

A

▪ Cell body (soma)
▪ Dendrites
▪ Axon
▪ Terminal buttons

38
Q

Soma/cell body

A

–Soma contains the nucleus
–Shape varies in different kinds of neurons

39
Q

Dendrite

A

– treelike structure attached to the soma of a neuron; receives information transmitted across synapse.
– Neurons “converse” with one another, and dendrites are recipients of these messages

40
Q

Axon

A

are long, thin, cylindrical structures

41
Q

Axon Hillock

A

–gate keeper of whether an action potential is strong enough
–Carries information from cell body to the terminal buttons/axon terminal

42
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

surrounds axons and insulates them

43
Q

What is produced by Oligodendrocytes?

A

Myelin Sheath

44
Q

Terminal Buttons/Axon Terminals

A

–Terminal buttons are buds at the end of a branch of an axon; forms synapses with another neuron
–Secretes chemicals called neurotransmitters

45
Q

Synapse

A
  • Points of contact between neurons where information is passed from one neuron to the next
  • Form between axons and dendrites
46
Q

A synapse consists of (3):

A
  • Presynaptic neuron
  • Synaptic cleft
  • Post synaptic neuron
47
Q

3 main type of Glial Cells:

A

–Microglia
–Astrocytes
–Oligodendrocytes

48
Q

Glial cells produce what?

A

nutrients to neurons

49
Q

Microglia

A
  • Smallest glial cells
  • Clean up dead cells
  • Protect the brain from invading microorganisms/toxins
  • Damage/toxins = microglial cells produce inflammatory mediators to call other cells to the injury - promote and perpetuate the inflammatory response - can worsen neurodegeneration.
50
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • Star shaped
  • Neuron “glue” – holds them in
    place
  • Engulf debris (phagocytosis)
  • Provide nourishment via transfer of fuel – neurons use a lot of energy but cannot store it
  • Provide electric insulation for unmyelinated neurons
51
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • Produces myelin in the form of a tube by wrapping itself around the axon
  • Forms sheath in segments
  • Episodic gaps = Nodes of Ranvier
52
Q

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

A

wraps around your brain to act as a filter. It is selectively permeable. Is weakened by chemotherapy

53
Q

Area of Postrema

A

the weakest region of the BBB - associated with vomiting

54
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of molecules from region of high conc. to low to achieve equilibrium

55
Q

Electrostatic pressure

A

force exerted by attraction or repulsion to move ions from place to place

56
Q

electrolytes

A

Substances that break into two parts with opposing electrical charges

57
Q

2 types of ions

A

▪Cations=positive (sodium Na+ and potassium K+)
▪ Anions=negative (chloride Cl-)

58
Q

Sodium-Potassium Pump

A

protein molecules embedded in the membrane

59
Q

How does the Inhibitory loop interact with reflexes?

A

overrides reflexes (only those are not automatic). Example: choosing to hold onto a hot plate so you don’t drop the plate.

60
Q

Resting/Membrane Potential

A

A resting (non-signaling) neuron has a voltage across its membrane called the resting membrane potential, or simply the resting potential.

61
Q

How is resting potential determined?

A

concentration gradients of ions across the membrane and by membrane permeability to each type of ion.

62
Q

Action Potential

A

Occurs because of diffusion and electrostatic pressure. Rapid burst of depolarization
followed by hyperpolarization
(Know -55mv and -70mv for the test)

63
Q

Depolarization

A

reduction of membrane potential (less negative on inside)

64
Q

Threshold of Excitation

A

set point to produce an action
potential = -55mV

65
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

increase in membrane potential

66
Q

Conduction of Action Potential

A

*Remains constant in size - All or None Law *Normally one-way traffic from soma end to boutons

67
Q

Rate Law

A

The strength of stimuli affects the rate of firing; a strong stimulus produces more action potentials than a weak stimulus; but the amplitude of each action potential is the same.

68
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

22mm wide space between pre
and post synaptic membrane

69
Q

Synaptic vesicles are made of what?

A

membrane and filled with molecules of neurotransmitters

70
Q

Types of Postsynaptic Potentials

A

Excitatory (EPSP) & Inhibitory (IPSP)

71
Q

Inhibitory (IPSP)

A

–Potassium Channel Opened
–Hyperpolarizing

72
Q

Excitatory (EPSP)

A

–Sodium Channel Opened
–Depolarizing

73
Q

Termination of Postsynaptic Potentials (2)

A

Reuptake & Enzymatic deactivation/degradation

74
Q

Enzymatic deactivation/degradation

A

accomplished by enzyme that destroys molecules of the neurotransmitter

75
Q

Reuptake

A

an extremely rapid removal of a neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft by the terminal button

Neurobehavior (17 decks)

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