Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neurobehavior > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

midbrain/Mesencephalon

A

serves important functions in motor movement and serves as the pathway between the spinal cord, cerebellum, and forebrain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Principle structures of the tectum (2)

A

superior colliculi & inferior colliculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Tegmentum “the covering”

A

raps around the cerebral aqueduct (connects 3rd and 4th ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Principle structures of the Tegmentum (3)

A

– Periaqueductal gray matter (PAG)
– Raphe (red) Nucleus
– Substantia Nigra (black)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Periaqueductal gray matter
(PAG)

A

Pain modulation (endogenous and exogenous opioids act here)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Raphe (red) Nucleus

A

synthesizes serotonin, but not the only structure that does this. SSRIs are believed to largely impact the raphe nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Substantia (black) Nigra

A

key role in dopamine production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The Hindbrain contains:

A

Metencephalon and Myelencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Metencephalon (“afterbrain”) is made of three parts:

A

Pons & Cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cerebellum “little brain”

A

Attached to pons by cerebellar peduncles Posture, balance, fine motor movement (ataxia), motor learning (works w/BG), proprioception (knowing where you are in space)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pons “bridge”

A

Translates signals b/t the cerebellum and cerebrum (e.g., sensory cues, motor information)
Regulates breathing and arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does damage to the Pons cause?

A

locked-in syndrome (stroke, trauma, late-stage ALS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Medulla Oblongata/Myelencephalon

A

Controls basic functions of the autonomic nervous system:
* Respiration
* Cardiac function
* Vasodilation
* Reflexes like vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Damage or enlargement of the Medulla Oblongata causes (3):

A

respiratory failure, paralysis, loss of sensation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Brainless the Salamander

A

They took our everything but the medulla oblongata and he lived. confirmed the function of the medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Reticular Formation (3)

A
  • Complex network of neurons located in the brain stem
  • Connections to the hypothalamus and thalamus.
  • Helps support wakefulness/alertness & filters incoming information.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Spinal Cord is made of what three parts?

A
  • The cervical spinal cord sends nerves to the face and neck.
  • The thoracic spinal cord sends nerves to the arms, chest, and abdomen.
  • The lumbar-sacral spinal cord sends nerves to the lower body.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Spinal Cord main function

A

Sends motor commands from the brain to the body, send sensory information from the body to the brain, and coordinate reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

Relay sensory information to the brain from the body and vice versa – also control reflexes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sensory neurons

A

carry signals from the outer parts of your body (periphery) into the central nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Motor neurons

A

carry signals from the central nervous system to the outer parts (muscles, skin, glands) of your body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Interneurons

A

connect various neurons within the brain and spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

3 neurons of the Somatic NS

A

Sensory, motor, and interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Spinal nerves:

A

Afferent and Efferent. They are mixed nerves that carry sensory information into and motor commands out of the spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Cranial nerves:
They are the nerve fibers that carry information into and out of the brain stem.
26
Afferent axons
bring information inward, toward the CNS
27
Efferent axons
send information outward
28
Dermatome
areas of skin on your body that rely on specific nerve connections on your spine.
29
Myotome
A group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve
30
ASIA impairment scale
A = Complete E = Normal typically can only improve by one letter
31
Cranial Nerves
–Twelve pairs are attached to the ventral surface of the brain (know there are 12 for the test) –Most serve sensory and motor functions of the head and neck region
32
The vagus nerve
regulates the functions of organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities: ▪ Longest cranial nerve. ▪ Helps body exit “fight or flight”
33
What 2 systems make up the Autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic Division & Parasympathetic Division
34
Sympathetic Division
“fight, flight, freeze, fawn” – Controls functions that accompany arousal and expenditure of energy – Coordinates responses to a stressor – Aka Thoracolumbar System
35
Parasympathetic Division
“rest & digest” - Involved with increases in body’s supply of stored energy - Coordinates rest and relax responses after the body has been stressed * Aka Craniosacral System - Vagus Nerve responsible for the calming following a stressful situation
36
Neurons
Most basic Information- processing and information- transmitting element of the nervous system
37
Neurons contain four main structures:
▪ Cell body (soma) ▪ Dendrites ▪ Axon ▪ Terminal buttons
38
Soma/cell body
–Soma contains the nucleus –Shape varies in different kinds of neurons
39
Dendrite
– treelike structure attached to the soma of a neuron; receives information transmitted across synapse. – Neurons “converse” with one another, and dendrites are recipients of these messages
40
Axon
are long, thin, cylindrical structures
41
Axon Hillock
–gate keeper of whether an action potential is strong enough –Carries information from cell body to the terminal buttons/axon terminal
42
Myelin Sheath
surrounds axons and insulates them
43
What is produced by Oligodendrocytes?
Myelin Sheath
44
Terminal Buttons/Axon Terminals
–Terminal buttons are buds at the end of a branch of an axon; forms synapses with another neuron –Secretes chemicals called neurotransmitters
45
Synapse
* Points of contact between neurons where information is passed from one neuron to the next * Form between axons and dendrites
46
A synapse consists of (3):
* Presynaptic neuron * Synaptic cleft * Post synaptic neuron
47
3 main type of Glial Cells:
–Microglia –Astrocytes –Oligodendrocytes
48
Glial cells produce what?
nutrients to neurons
49
Microglia
* Smallest glial cells * Clean up dead cells * Protect the brain from invading microorganisms/toxins * Damage/toxins = microglial cells produce inflammatory mediators to call other cells to the injury - promote and perpetuate the inflammatory response - can worsen neurodegeneration.
50
Astrocytes
* Star shaped * Neuron “glue” – holds them in place * Engulf debris (phagocytosis) * Provide nourishment via transfer of fuel – neurons use a lot of energy but cannot store it * Provide electric insulation for unmyelinated neurons
51
Oligodendrocytes
* Produces myelin in the form of a tube by wrapping itself around the axon * Forms sheath in segments * Episodic gaps = Nodes of Ranvier
52
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)
wraps around your brain to act as a filter. It is selectively permeable. Is weakened by chemotherapy
53
Area of Postrema
the weakest region of the BBB - associated with vomiting
54
Diffusion
movement of molecules from region of high conc. to low to achieve equilibrium
55
Electrostatic pressure
force exerted by attraction or repulsion to move ions from place to place
56
electrolytes
Substances that break into two parts with opposing electrical charges
57
2 types of ions
▪Cations=positive (sodium Na+ and potassium K+) ▪ Anions=negative (chloride Cl-)
58
Sodium-Potassium Pump
protein molecules embedded in the membrane
59
How does the Inhibitory loop interact with reflexes?
overrides reflexes (only those are not automatic). Example: choosing to hold onto a hot plate so you don't drop the plate.
60
Resting/Membrane Potential
A resting (non-signaling) neuron has a voltage across its membrane called the resting membrane potential, or simply the resting potential.
61
How is resting potential determined?
concentration gradients of ions across the membrane and by membrane permeability to each type of ion.
62
Action Potential
Occurs because of diffusion and electrostatic pressure. Rapid burst of depolarization followed by hyperpolarization (Know -55mv and -70mv for the test)
63
Depolarization
reduction of membrane potential (less negative on inside)
64
Threshold of Excitation
set point to produce an action potential = -55mV
65
Hyperpolarization
increase in membrane potential
66
Conduction of Action Potential
*Remains constant in size - All or None Law *Normally one-way traffic from soma end to boutons
67
Rate Law
The strength of stimuli affects the rate of firing; a strong stimulus produces more action potentials than a weak stimulus; but the amplitude of each action potential is the same.
68
Synaptic Cleft
22mm wide space between pre and post synaptic membrane
69
Synaptic vesicles are made of what?
membrane and filled with molecules of neurotransmitters
70
Types of Postsynaptic Potentials
Excitatory (EPSP) & Inhibitory (IPSP)
71
Inhibitory (IPSP)
–Potassium Channel Opened –Hyperpolarizing
72
Excitatory (EPSP)
–Sodium Channel Opened –Depolarizing
73
Termination of Postsynaptic Potentials (2)
Reuptake & Enzymatic deactivation/degradation
74
Enzymatic deactivation/degradation
accomplished by enzyme that destroys molecules of the neurotransmitter
75
Reuptake
an extremely rapid removal of a neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft by the terminal button

Neurobehavior (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions