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Review session Flashcards

1
Q

what requirements must be met for Glutamate to bind to an NMDA receptor?

A

influx of sodium and calcium into the intracellular space. The influx of calcium results in biochemical and structural changes to the cell which allows for synaptic plasticity (e.g., the forming of new memories/learning and neuroplasticity).

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2
Q

The primary organ responsible for metabolism

A

liver

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3
Q

The primary organ responsible for excretion

A

kidneys

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4
Q

what cortex is the most responsible for emotional expression

A

Orbitofrontal Cortex

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5
Q

Affect blindness is the result of damage to the

A

visual cortex

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6
Q

the metencephalon is made up of what 2 structures?

A

pons and cerebellum

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7
Q

medulla controls vital functions like (4)?

A

reflexes, respiration, cardiac functions, and vasodilation

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8
Q

efferent vs afferent axons in the spinal cord

A

efferent axons send information outward & afferent send information inward

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9
Q

how many sets of cranial nerves?

A

12

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10
Q

which is excitatory between glutamate & gaba?

A

glutamate. gaba is inhibitory

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11
Q

serotonin cell body clusters are most concentrated in the…

A

Raphe nuclei (red)

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12
Q

motor fibers in the cortical spinal tract decussate where?

A

pyramids of the medulla

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13
Q

absorption of a drug through the nose

A

insufflation

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14
Q

the membrane voltage level at which an action potential is triggered is termed the ___________ of ____________.

A

threshold of excitation

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15
Q

the two mechanisms by which termination of post-synaptic potentials occur are:

A

enzymatic deactivation/degradation & reuptake of neurotransmitters

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16
Q

on the impairment scale of the spinal cord (A-E), which means sensory functions are normal?

A

E

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17
Q

whats is the name of a molecules binding site?

A

receptor/site of action

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18
Q

Protective mechanisms of the nervous system (4)

A

skull, spinal vertebrae, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid

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19
Q

spinal cord system divisions (4)

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral

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20
Q

Somatic Nervous System divisions (2)

A

afferent and efferent nerves

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21
Q

amygdala functions

A

the part of the brain primarily involved in emotion, memory, and the fight-or-flight response

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22
Q

structure of the amygdala (sending and receiving)

A
  • Receives information from senses, sensory cortices, and hippocampus about the body’s reaction to environment
  • Sends information to medulla, hypothalamus, midbrain & pon
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23
Q

functions of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) (2)

A
  • Dopamine-rich nucleus that mediates reward system.
  • Sends dopamine to the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus,and prefrontal cortex
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24
Q

structure of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) - participates in 5 things

A

a group of neurons located on the midbrain floor and contains mainly neurons that produce Dopamine.

participate in drug addiction, behavioral disorders, cognition, motivation, and locomotor activity.

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25
structure of the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
located in bottom of the frontal lobe
26
function of the of the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
supports decision-making processes & emotion regulation by regulating anxiety and fear extinction
27
structure of a neuron
dendrites, cell body and axon
28
function of a neuron
communicate via a combination of electrical and chemical signals. Within the neuron, electrical signals driven by charged particles allow rapid conduction from one end of the cell to the other.
29
how do neurons communicate? (chemicals involved)
acetylcholine is released at the synapse and it causes postsynaptic Na+ channels to open. Na+ enters the postsynaptic cell and causes the postsynaptic membrane to depolarize.
30
function of a glial cell (3)
support, connect, and protect the neurons of the CNS and PNS
31
what do glial cells do in the central nervous system? what does it regulate? what does it help form?
- regulate neurotransmission - help form the blood-brain barrier.
32
two forms of synaptic potential
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP) and the Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP). The EPSP brings the neuron's potential close to the firing threshold whereas IPSP takes the neuron's potential away from the firing threshold.
33
Tectum is made up of what 2 colliculi?
superior and inferior colliculi
34
Tegmentum wraps around what 4 things?
wraps around cerebral aqueduct, PAG, Raphe Nucleus, Substantia Nigra
35
the Myelencephalon contains what structure?
medulla oblongata
36
Reticular formation does what 2 things?
- filters incoming information - supports alertness
37
Cauda Equina. Where is it and what does it do?
the sack of nerve roots at the lower end of the spinal cord. These nerve roots provide the ability to move and feel sensation in the legs and the bladder.
38
somatic nervous system is a subdivisions of what
a subdivision of your peripheral nervous system (PNS), which is all of your nervous system except your brain and spinal cord.
39
what does your somatic nervous system help you move and control? (1)
muscles throughout your body
40
Saltatory Conduction
describes the way an electrical impulse skips from node to node down the full length of an axons speeds the arrival of the impulse at the nerve terminal compared with the slower continuous progression of unmyelinated axons
41
A neuron at rest (non-firing) has a high concentration of what? (outside 3 vs inside 2)
Outside: sodium, calcium, and chloride Inside: potassium and anions
42
All-or-None law
a single nerve fibre is stimulated, it will always give a maximal response and produce a single amplitude. If the intensity or duration of the stimulus is increased, the height of the impulse will remain the same.
43
Rate Law
a strong stimulus produces more action potentials than a weak stimulus; but the amplitude of each action potential is the same
44
Corticospinal Tract is a collection of axons that carry what and from where to where?
they carry movement-related information from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. It forms part of the descending spinal tract system that originate from the cortex or brainstem.
45
Sodium-Potassium Pump does what 2 things?
– stabilizes ion concentrations as ions they cross the membrane at rest –Continuously pushes Na+ out of the axon = maintains RESTING POTENTIAL
46
resting membrane potential
-70-mV more negative inside
47
What is the inhibition of a reflex?
the reduction or prevention of a reflex because an incompatible reflex is occurring or has just occurred. (not dropping the hot thing because you don't want it to spill)
48
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
"STOP"
49
Acetylcholine (ACh) what does it contract? what part of sleep does it play a key role?
muscle contraction and plays a key role in REM sleep
50
Glutamate and its 4 main receptors
"GO" NDMA, kainate, AMPA, and Metabotropic Glutamate
51
Glycine is inhibitory in what 2 parts of the body?
spinal cord and lower brainstem
52
NMDA Receptor is the building block of what?
building block of a newly formed memory (synaptic plasticity)
53
GABAA Receptor has how many binding sites?
5 binding sites
54
what are the Indirect agonists that bind to GABAa? (4 - BBSS)
benzos, some sleep meds, barbiturates, steroid hormones
55
what are not Catecholamines? (2)
serotonin & histamines
56
what are Monoamines?
neuromodulators derived from a single amino acid.
57
what five functions in the CNS do monoamines mediate? (C-ME-ME)
- motor control - cognition - emotion - memory processing - endocrine modulation
58
four main function of Dopamine, and is it excitatory or inhibitory? (RAML)
- movement - attention - learning - reinforcing effects of substances (excitatory and inhibitory)
59
main function of Norepinephrine
vigilance/attentiveness (excitatory)
60
Serotonin (5HTP) is involved in what? (2)
- mood and pain regulation - control of eating, sleep, arousal, and dreaming. (inhibitory)
61
Vasopressin plays an essential roles in what? (4)
-control of the body's osmotic balance, blood pressure regulation, sodium homeostasis, and kidney functioning
62
Oxytocin causes...
feelings of attachment and boding after orgasm in women
63
The Reward System – Structures Involved (5)
amygdala, VTA, Nucleus Accumbens, Hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex
64
The role of stress
increases cotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
65
what does stress result in? (3)
Negative emotional state Lack of executive control =↑ risk of relapse Memory of relief/craving
66
Stimulant Pharmacokinetics impacts what four neurotransmitters?
epinephrine/norepinephrine (E/NE), dopamine (DA), and serotonin (5-HT)
67
Primary risk factors of Pharmacokinetics (4)
* Reduced seizure threshold * ↑ BP, HR, HyperTN = ↑ risk of stroke, heart attack * Poor appetite, mood swings, anxiety, insomnia * Toxic levels = paranoia, psychosis
68
Why do we sleep? (3 main)
* Immune system functioning * Neurological development * Memory processing * Many, many other functions
69
Synchronous delta activity waves appear as what?
as a large, clear wave in the EEG data. /\/\/\/\/\/\/\/
70
Desynchronous beta wave activity
small, chaotic waveforms without a clear pattern in the EEG data
71
what do you see theta waves during sleep?
NREM: Stage 1 (N1)
72
NREM: Stage 2 of sleep is characterized by what 2 things?
Sleep spindles & K complexes
73
Commonly referred to as deep sleep or slow wave sleep (SWS) with low frequency, high amplitude DELTA waves
NREM: Stage 3
74
how long does each sleep cycle last?
~90min
75
roles of slow wave sleep (3)
- growth - memory - immune function Slow-wave sleep is vital for waking up feeling revitalized
76
what does REM sleep do to memories?
stabilizes transformed memories during SWS
77
During SWS, there is a reactivation of recently encoded memory representations. What does this help with?
transferring them to long-term memory store
78
REM sleep facilitates consolidation of what kind of memories?
implicit/nondeclarative memories
79
Slow-wave sleep facilitates consolidation of what kind of memories?
declarative memories
80
neural chemicals involved with sleep: (3)
glycogen, ATP, Adenosine
81
Melatonin is produced where?
Produced by the Pineal Gland in response to evening/darkness about 2 hours before normal sleep time
82
what is converted into melatonin
serotonin
83
Emotional Response Components (4)
behavioral, emotional, hormonal, and autonomic
84
two fear pathways
1. the thalamo-amygdala pathway (the “short route”) 2. the thalamo-cortico-amygdala pathway (the “long route”)
85
no amygdala =
no fear response
86
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome results in: (6)
* Absence of Fear & Anger Response * Psychic Blindness/Visual Agnosia * Hyper-orality * Hyper-sexuality w/o sexual desire * Binge Eating Disorder/Bulimia * Memory Disorders
87
Urbach-Weithe Disease (Patient S.M) is a rare genetic disorder that causes:
Lack of pathway to VMPFC = no inhibition from typical fear inducing stimuli
88
Relationship between heredity, serotonin, and aggression (3 parts)
- 50-65% Heritability - Serotonin inhibits Aggression & Risky Behavior - SSRI’s = ↓ irritability & aggression

Neurobehavior (17 decks)

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