Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neurobehavior > Review session > Flashcards

Review session Flashcards

1
Q

what requirements must be met for Glutamate to bind to an NMDA receptor?

A

influx of sodium and calcium into the intracellular space. The influx of calcium results in biochemical and structural changes to the cell which allows for synaptic plasticity (e.g., the forming of new memories/learning and neuroplasticity).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The primary organ responsible for metabolism

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The primary organ responsible for excretion

A

kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what cortex is the most responsible for emotional expression

A

Orbitofrontal Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Affect blindness is the result of damage to the

A

visual cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the metencephalon is made up of what 2 structures?

A

pons and cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

medulla controls vital functions like (4)?

A

reflexes, respiration, cardiac functions, and vasodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

efferent vs afferent axons in the spinal cord

A

efferent axons send information outward & afferent send information inward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how many sets of cranial nerves?

A

12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which is excitatory between glutamate & gaba?

A

glutamate. gaba is inhibitory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

serotonin cell body clusters are most concentrated in the…

A

Raphe nuclei (red)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

motor fibers in the cortical spinal tract decussate where?

A

pyramids of the medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

absorption of a drug through the nose

A

insufflation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the membrane voltage level at which an action potential is triggered is termed the ___________ of ____________.

A

threshold of excitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the two mechanisms by which termination of post-synaptic potentials occur are:

A

enzymatic deactivation/degradation & reuptake of neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

on the impairment scale of the spinal cord (A-E), which means sensory functions are normal?

A

E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

whats is the name of a molecules binding site?

A

receptor/site of action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Protective mechanisms of the nervous system (4)

A

skull, spinal vertebrae, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

spinal cord system divisions (4)

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Somatic Nervous System divisions (2)

A

afferent and efferent nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

amygdala functions

A

the part of the brain primarily involved in emotion, memory, and the fight-or-flight response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

structure of the amygdala (sending and receiving)

A
  • Receives information from senses, sensory cortices, and hippocampus about the body’s reaction to environment
  • Sends information to medulla, hypothalamus, midbrain & pon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

functions of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) (2)

A
  • Dopamine-rich nucleus that mediates reward system.
  • Sends dopamine to the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus,and prefrontal cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

structure of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) - participates in 5 things

A

a group of neurons located on the midbrain floor and contains mainly neurons that produce Dopamine.

participate in drug addiction, behavioral disorders, cognition, motivation, and locomotor activity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

structure of the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex

A

located in bottom of the frontal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

function of the of the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex

A

supports decision-making processes & emotion regulation by regulating anxiety and fear extinction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

structure of a neuron

A

dendrites, cell body and axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

function of a neuron

A

communicate via a combination of electrical and chemical signals. Within the neuron, electrical signals driven by charged particles allow rapid conduction from one end of the cell to the other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

how do neurons communicate? (chemicals involved)

A

acetylcholine is released at the synapse and it causes postsynaptic Na+ channels to open. Na+ enters the postsynaptic cell and causes the postsynaptic membrane to depolarize.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

function of a glial cell (3)

A

support, connect, and protect the neurons of the CNS and PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what do glial cells do in the central nervous system?
what does it regulate?
what does it help form?

A
  • regulate neurotransmission
  • help form the blood-brain barrier.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

two forms of synaptic potential

A

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP) and the Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP). The EPSP brings the neuron’s potential close to the firing threshold whereas IPSP takes the neuron’s potential away from the firing threshold.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Tectum is made up of what 2 colliculi?

A

superior and inferior colliculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Tegmentum wraps around what 4 things?

A

wraps around cerebral aqueduct, PAG, Raphe Nucleus, Substantia Nigra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

the Myelencephalon contains what structure?

A

medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Reticular formation does what 2 things?

A
  • filters incoming information
  • supports alertness
37
Q

Cauda Equina. Where is it and what does it do?

A

the sack of nerve roots at the lower end of the spinal cord. These nerve roots provide the ability to move and feel sensation in the legs and the bladder.

38
Q

somatic nervous system is a subdivisions of what

A

a subdivision of your peripheral nervous system (PNS), which is all of your nervous system except your brain and spinal cord.

39
Q

what does your somatic nervous system help you move and control? (1)

A

muscles throughout your body

40
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

describes the way an electrical impulse skips from node to node down the full length of an axons

speeds the arrival of the impulse at the nerve terminal compared with the slower continuous progression of unmyelinated axons

41
Q

A neuron at rest (non-firing) has a high
concentration of what? (outside 3 vs inside 2)

A

Outside: sodium, calcium, and chloride
Inside: potassium and anions

42
Q

All-or-None law

A

a single nerve fibre is stimulated, it will always give a maximal response and produce a single amplitude.

If the intensity or duration of the stimulus is increased, the height of the impulse will remain the same.

43
Q

Rate Law

A

a strong stimulus produces more action potentials than a weak stimulus; but the amplitude of each action potential is the same

44
Q

Corticospinal Tract is a collection of axons that carry what and from where to where?

A

they carry movement-related information from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. It forms part of the descending spinal tract system that originate from the cortex or brainstem.

45
Q

Sodium-Potassium Pump does what 2 things?

A

– stabilizes ion concentrations as ions they cross the membrane at rest
–Continuously pushes Na+ out of the axon = maintains RESTING POTENTIAL

46
Q

resting membrane potential

A

-70-mV more negative inside

47
Q

What is the inhibition of a reflex?

A

the reduction or prevention of a reflex because an incompatible reflex is occurring or has just occurred. (not dropping the hot thing because you don’t want it to spill)

48
Q

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

A

“STOP”

49
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)
what does it contract?
what part of sleep does it play a key role?

A

muscle contraction and plays a key role in REM sleep

50
Q

Glutamate and its 4 main receptors

A

“GO”
NDMA, kainate, AMPA, and Metabotropic Glutamate

51
Q

Glycine is inhibitory in what 2 parts of the body?

A

spinal cord and lower brainstem

52
Q

NMDA Receptor is the building block of what?

A

building block of a newly formed memory (synaptic plasticity)

53
Q

GABAA Receptor has how many binding sites?

A

5 binding sites

54
Q

what are the Indirect agonists that bind to GABAa? (4 - BBSS)

A

benzos, some sleep meds, barbiturates,
steroid hormones

55
Q

what are not Catecholamines? (2)

A

serotonin & histamines

56
Q

what are Monoamines?

A

neuromodulators derived from a single amino acid.

57
Q

what five functions in the CNS do monoamines mediate? (C-ME-ME)

A
  • motor control
  • cognition
  • emotion
  • memory processing
  • endocrine modulation
58
Q

four main function of Dopamine, and is it excitatory or inhibitory? (RAML)

A
  • movement
  • attention
  • learning
  • reinforcing effects of substances
    (excitatory and inhibitory)
59
Q

main function of Norepinephrine

A

vigilance/attentiveness (excitatory)

60
Q

Serotonin (5HTP) is involved in what? (2)

A
  • mood and pain regulation
  • control of eating, sleep, arousal, and dreaming. (inhibitory)
61
Q

Vasopressin plays an essential roles in what? (4)

A

-control of the body’s osmotic balance, blood pressure regulation, sodium homeostasis, and kidney functioning

62
Q

Oxytocin causes…

A

feelings of attachment and boding after orgasm in women

63
Q

The Reward System – Structures Involved (5)

A

amygdala, VTA, Nucleus Accumbens, Hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex

64
Q

The role of stress

A

increases cotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

65
Q

what does stress result in? (3)

A

Negative emotional state
Lack of executive control =↑ risk of relapse
Memory of relief/craving

66
Q

Stimulant Pharmacokinetics impacts what four neurotransmitters?

A

epinephrine/norepinephrine (E/NE), dopamine (DA), and serotonin (5-HT)

67
Q

Primary risk factors of Pharmacokinetics (4)

A
  • Reduced seizure threshold
  • ↑ BP, HR, HyperTN = ↑ risk of stroke, heart attack
  • Poor appetite, mood swings, anxiety, insomnia
  • Toxic levels = paranoia, psychosis
68
Q

Why do we sleep? (3 main)

A
  • Immune system functioning
  • Neurological development
  • Memory processing
  • Many, many other functions
69
Q

Synchronous delta activity waves appear as what?

A

as a large, clear wave in the EEG data.
/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/

70
Q

Desynchronous beta wave activity

A

small, chaotic waveforms without a clear pattern in the EEG data

71
Q

what do you see theta waves during sleep?

A

NREM: Stage 1 (N1)

72
Q

NREM: Stage 2 of sleep is characterized by what 2 things?

A

Sleep spindles & K complexes

73
Q

Commonly referred to as deep sleep or slow wave sleep (SWS) with low frequency, high amplitude DELTA waves

A

NREM: Stage 3

74
Q

how long does each sleep cycle last?

A

~90min

75
Q

roles of slow wave sleep (3)

A
  • growth
  • memory
  • immune function

Slow-wave sleep is vital for waking up feeling revitalized

76
Q

what does REM sleep do to memories?

A

stabilizes transformed memories during SWS

77
Q

During SWS, there is a reactivation of recently encoded memory representations. What does this help with?

A

transferring them to long-term memory store

78
Q

REM sleep facilitates consolidation of what kind of memories?

A

implicit/nondeclarative memories

79
Q

Slow-wave sleep facilitates consolidation of what kind of memories?

A

declarative memories

80
Q

neural chemicals involved with sleep: (3)

A

glycogen, ATP, Adenosine

81
Q

Melatonin is produced where?

A

Produced by the Pineal Gland in response to evening/darkness about 2 hours before normal sleep time

82
Q

what is converted into melatonin

A

serotonin

83
Q

Emotional Response Components (4)

A

behavioral, emotional, hormonal, and autonomic

84
Q

two fear pathways

A
  1. the thalamo-amygdala pathway (the “short route”)
  2. the thalamo-cortico-amygdala pathway (the “long route”)
85
Q

no amygdala =

A

no fear response

86
Q

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome results in: (6)

A
  • Absence of Fear & Anger Response
  • Psychic Blindness/Visual Agnosia
  • Hyper-orality
  • Hyper-sexuality w/o sexual desire
  • Binge Eating Disorder/Bulimia
  • Memory Disorders
87
Q

Urbach-Weithe Disease (Patient S.M) is a rare genetic disorder that causes:

A

Lack of pathway to VMPFC = no inhibition from typical fear inducing stimuli

88
Q

Relationship between heredity, serotonin, and aggression (3 parts)

A
  • 50-65% Heritability
  • Serotonin inhibits Aggression & Risky Behavior
  • SSRI’s = ↓ irritability & aggression

Neurobehavior (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions