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Neurobehavior > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

corticospinal tract

A

mostly involved in voluntary muscle control - Considered a descending motor pathway

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2
Q

Decussation

A

the crossing of the fibers of the corticospinal tracts from one side of the central nervous system to the other side.

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3
Q

Lateral corticospinal tract

A

distal muscles Anterior corticospinal tract – cervical and upper thoracic.

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4
Q

85-90% of nerves cross where?

A

Pyramids of the Medulla

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5
Q

There are NO synapses within these descending pathways. So they are called what?

A

upper motor neurons

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6
Q

What pathway contains synapses?

A

lower motor neurons

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7
Q

pharmacology vs. psycho-pharm

A

psychopharmacology focuses on psychiatric meds specifically

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8
Q

Sites of action

A

what reception is the drug binding to?

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9
Q

Drug effect

A

observed changes

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10
Q

endogenous

A

any substances that your body produces yourself

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11
Q

Exogenous

A

any substance that is produced outside of your body.

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12
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

What the body does to the drug, ex:
* Absorption
* Distribution
* Metabolism
* Excretion

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13
Q

Rate of Absorption & Distribution

A

*5L/min blood pumped every minute
* Entirevolumeofbloodsupply circulates every minute

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14
Q

what is the fastest and most dangerous administration:

A

intravenous: 30-60 seconds

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15
Q

Different administration types:

A
  • Intravenous
  • Intraperitoneal
  • Intramuscular
  • Subcutaneous (under the skin)
  • Intracerebral (bypass BBB)
  • Intracerebroventricular
  • Oral
  • Intrarectal
  • Inhalation (lungs) vs. insufflation (nasal passages)
  • Topical (skin)
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16
Q

Intraperitoneal

A

into your stomach

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17
Q

Intramuscular

A

into the muscle

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18
Q

Subcutaneous

A

into the fat

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19
Q

Intracerebral

A

into the brain - lets your bypass the BBB

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20
Q

Intrarectal

A

in the butt :) - bypasses metabolism

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21
Q

Most common administration

A

oral - not a very fast route of admin because it is metabolized

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22
Q

Inhalation vs. insufflation

A

lungs vs. nasal

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23
Q

topical

A

through the skin

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24
Q

Distribution

A

Entry of Drugs into the Brain

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25
Q

when do drugs have any impact?

A

once they reach the site of action

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26
Q

lipid solubility

A

it can bypass the BBB

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27
Q

what is the primary organ for excretion?

A

kidneys

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28
Q

what organ has an active role in enzymatic deactivation?

A

liver

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29
Q

Many drugs are metabolized and deactivated by what?

A

enzymes

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30
Q

what can transform a substance into having a more effective/active molecule?

A

enzymes

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31
Q

Dose-response curve

A

point of maximum effect

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32
Q

Drug effectiveness is Impacted by (2):

A
  • Sites of Action
  • Affinity of a drug for its site of action
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33
Q

Affinity

A

the capacity of a drug molecule to bind to a key site of action

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34
Q

Affinity

A

the capacity of a drug molecule to bind to a key site of action

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35
Q

Margin of Safety (MoS)

A

The difference between the usual effective dose and the dose that causes severe or life-threatening side effects

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36
Q

Effective Dose 50 (ED50)

A

the dose that produces the desired effects in 50 percent of the individuals

37
Q

Toxic Dose 50 (TD50)

A

the dose that produces toxic effects in 50 percent of the individuals

38
Q

ED50 and TD50 provide a ratio for what?

A

Therapeutic Index

39
Q

Therapeutic Index

A

a quantitative
measurement of the relative safety of a drug.

40
Q

and ideal therapeutic index =

A

greater than 10

41
Q

Drugs with low TI (5)

A
  • Lithium
  • Carbamazepine
  • Valproic Acid
  • Clozapine
  • Tricyclic Antidepressants
    (typically antipsychotics)
42
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

a chemical used for neuron-to-neuron communication.

43
Q

Neuromodulator

A

a chemical that affects the neurotransmission of a whole group of neurons.

44
Q

Agonist

A

(increasing) a molecule that by binding to the receptor stimulates a response

45
Q

Antagonists

A

(decreasing) a molecule that by binding to a receptor blocks or inhibits the response

46
Q

Neurotransmitters produced at the pre-synaptic neuron with the aid of what?

A

enzymes and precursors

47
Q

A drug that blocks the re-uptake or enzymatic degradation of a neurotransmitter?

A

Agonist - because it is increasing the number of neurotransmitters in the Synaptic cleft

47
Q

A drug that blocks the re-uptake or enzymatic degradation of a neurotransmitter?

A

Agonist - because it is increasing the number of neurotransmitters in the Synaptic cleft

48
Q

Direct agonists (2)

A
  • mimics neurotransmitters
  • Binds with and activates the receptor
49
Q

Direct antagonists/Receptor Blockers (2)

A
  • Bind and block the receptor from being activated.
  • Sits on receptor and prevents ion channels from opening
50
Q

Indirect agonist (2)

A
  • Attach to alternate binding site
  • Facilitates/stimulates receptors actions
51
Q

Indirect antagonist (2)

A
  • Attach to alternate binding site
  • Blocks/reduces the receptor actions
52
Q

Amino acid neurotransmitters in the brain:

A
  • Excitatory - Glutamate
  • Inhibitory - Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
53
Q

Amino acid in the spinal cord and lower brain stem:

A
  • Excitatory - Glutamate
  • Inhibitory – Glycine
54
Q

What is the “go” NT?

A

Glutamate

55
Q

NMDA receptor has how many binding sites?

A

6 total. 4 on the exterior and 2 on the interior

56
Q

Requirements for Glutamate to bind: (2)

A
  • Glycine must be attached
  • Mg must not be attached -must be depolarized to bind
57
Q

Alteration of the synapse (synaptic plasticity) =

A

building block of a newly formed memory

58
Q

Ketamine & PCP cause what?

A

indirect antagonists to NMDA receptor = hypofunction. reduces ability to learn and create new memories

59
Q

When you have too much glutamate stimulation =

A

glutamate excitotoxicity - damaged neurons (noted in ALS).

60
Q

What is the “stop” NT

A

GABA

61
Q

GABA receptors

A
  • 5 binding sites
  • Indirect agonists that bind to GABAa = benzos, some sleep meds, barbiturates, steroid hormones = sedating effects
  • Indirect antagonists at high doses = seizures
62
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh) functions in which 2 systems?

A

Functions in both CNS and PNS

63
Q

Acetylcholine in the PNS

A

central role in muscle contraction

64
Q

Acetylcholine in the CNS

A

Found in specific locations and pathways in CNS. Key role in REM sleep, perceptual learning, and memory.

65
Q

Nicotinic Receptors

A

faster; CNS & neuromuscular junctions

66
Q

Muscarinic Receptors

A

slower; CNS and PNS to innervate visceral organs

67
Q

Monoamines

A

Neuromodulators derived from a single amino acid.

68
Q

What system produces monoamines?

A

several systems in the brain

69
Q

What are the three catecholamines?
(know for the test)

A

dopamine, Norepinephrine/noradrenalin, and Epinephrine/adrenalin

70
Q

how many dopamine receptors are known?

A

5

71
Q

Re-uptake is completed by what?

A

transporters (i.e., dopamine transporter)

72
Q

Norepinephrine Primary effect is what?

A

vigilance/attentiveness

73
Q

what is converted to norepinephrine by a special enzyme?

A

Dopamine in vesicles

74
Q

Locus Coeruleus
(know for test)

A

Where most noradrenergic systems begin

75
Q

Serotonin (5HTP)

A

Involved in mood and pain regulation, and the control of eating, sleep, arousal, and dreaming.

76
Q

Precursor to 5HTP

A

Tryptophan

77
Q

Tolerance

A

A decrease in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly.

78
Q

Pharmacokinetic tolerance

A

body breaks down drug preventing it from reaching
receptors

79
Q

Pharmacodynamics tolerance (3)

A
  • Decrease in receptor affinity for drug.
  • Damaged receptors
  • Decrease in receptor availability aka Receptor Downregulation
80
Q

Sensitization

A

An increase in the effectiveness of a drug as it is administered repeatedly.

81
Q

Dependence

A

the physical or psychological symptoms that occur that make someone feel like they must continue taking a substance.

82
Q

Addiction

A

The inability to stop, control the use of substance(s), seek out the substance despite experiencing negative consequences (a behavior).

83
Q

Placebo

A

an inactive/inert substance given as a control in substance experiments.

84
Q

Viewing injection of placebo causes what?

A

decreased post-operative pain (Price et.al, 2008)

85
Q

Telling participants that a placebo is a stimulant causes what?

A

increased heart rate and blood pressure

86
Q

effects of drugs on the basil ganglia

A

motivation, habits, routines

87
Q

effects of drug on the amygdala

A

anxiety, irritability, and unease

Neurobehavior (17 decks)

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