Week 8 Part 1

Question 1

-leukopenia-

Answer 1

Decrease WBCs

Question 2

-thrombocytopenia-

Answer 2

Decrease platelets

Question 3

-anemia

Answer 3

it is also called PANCYTOPENIA- all the cells in the blood are in decreased amounts

Question 4

B12 deficiency

Answer 4

anemia and nervous system problems
demyelination
myelin degeneration
affects the dorsal and lateral column tracts.
DRG- accounts for pain perfection. Can also undergo degeneration here.

Question 5

B 12 deficiency Characterized by:

Answer 5

Numbness and tingling of feet and hands-because there is involvement of thenerve roots. Due to irritation or compression of enrve root
Ataxia
Paraplegia
The NS pathology in vit B12 deficiency is known as: Sub acute combineddegeneration of the spinal cord

Question 6

macrocytosis

Answer 6

all blood cells are large. -this is typical for megaloblastic anemia.

Question 7

Ataxia

Answer 7

spinocerebellar tract.

Question 8

Paraplegia-

Answer 8

a non reversible serious problem

Question 9

ascorbic acid (vit C)

Answer 9

FUNCTIONS

• results in hydroxylation of procollagen
• Vit C participates in synthesis of collagen peptides
• free radical scavengers- it works like an antioxidant. (in conjunction with Vit E)
• reduce the oxidation of LDL

Question 10

-deficiency=

Answer 10

Scurvy
bleeding/ loss of
teeth/ death
-they needed to eat citrus to prevent development of this disease

Question 11

characteristics of scurvy

Answer 11

(1) bleeding diathesis
(2) skeletal changes
(3) wound healing

Question 12

bleeding diathesis

Answer 12

-petechia- pin point rash  
  Tensile strength is low 
-ecchymosis 
-bleeding gums 
  One of the causes of loss of teeth (not the only cause) 
-subperiosteal hematomas 
  Leakage of blood into space between periosteum and bone. (bleeding into jointspaces develops into hemarthrosis) 
-retrobulbar hematomas

Question 13

skeletal changes

Answer 13

-bone is made of two things: (1) osteoid matrix- the stroma of bone.(2) Calcium salts.
-Bowing of legs
 Occur due to decreased osteoid matrix.
-alveoli changes.
 For the teeth, the alveoli are deep
-inward depression of sternum. (pigeon chest is in vit D deficiency- projection of chestforward)

Question 14

wound healing

Answer 14

• depends on quality of CT. the majority of healing is repair.
• deficiency of vit C means the development of CT is inhibited and wound healing isdelayed.
• vitamins discovered by a professor. He discovered A in 1913. A for the first letter of alphabet

Question 15

Fat soluble vitamins

Answer 15

-K, A, D, E

Question 16

Vit A.

Answer 16

• three types:
  (1) retinol
  (2) retinal
  (3) retinoic acid

Question 17

Retinol

Answer 17

• transport and storage.
• stored in the liver in the form of retinol
• 90% of vit A is located in the liver.
• if people eat liver, they eat a lot of vit A

-DISH: a disease which is characterized by ossification of ALL.-theory of development of this disease= hyper vitaminosis A

Question 18

retinoic acid

Answer 18

• found in carotenoids from carrots with a lot of beta carotenoid-which is pro vitamin A.-too much carrot juice is bad- the skin will turn yellow.
• but it is a source of pro vit A, not vit A itself.
• if you want to eat carrots to get Vit A you must eat with oil because it is fat soluble.

Question 19

-retinoids

Answer 19

• the ending OID means like.
• they are retin-like
• these are artificial components which mimic functions of vit A.
• they are possible medications for various disorders with vit A deficiency. (it helped withpsoriasis)
• this medication has a lot of side effects.
• artificail vitamin As are bad. (they mimic the normal chemical formula of A)

Question 20

functions of vit A:

Answer 20

(1) maintaining normal vision in reduced light
(2) potentiating the differentiation of specialized epithelial cells, mainly mucus- secreting cells
(3) enhancement of immunity to infections, particularly in children

Question 21

maintaining normal vision in reduced light

Answer 21

Without A there is no function of rods.
Retinal accounts for this function
it accounts for production of rods (light) and cones (colour)deficiency accounts for night blindness

Question 22

potentiating the differentiation of specialized epithelial cells, mainly mucus- secreting cells

Answer 22

retinoic acid accounts for this function
 vit B6 and vit A both participate in epithelial cells. If there is a deficiency they
slough more frequently and fall into he spaces that they occupy. (if it is in the
mucus glands, the epithelial cells will block the duct and promote the formation of stones in the tract) (sloughed epithelial cells produce a nidus)
 vit A and B6 deficiency promote formation of stones in urinary tract
 xeropthalmia (dry eye)/ xerosis (dryness) –this develops when sloughed
epithelail cells go near to cornea. Results in formation of bitot’s spots. –spots on
the white part of the eye. It may affect the cornea and lead to partial loss of
transparency.

Question 23

Xeropthalmia

Answer 23

• results in softening of cornea= keratomalacia (plaque= the spots= cause softening)-corneal ulcer (due to repair)
• blindness.

Question 24

result from sloughing of cells:

Answer 24

Squamous metaplasia 
Keratinizing of squamous cells 
Follicular and papullar dermatosis 
Pulmonary infection 
Nidus –promotion of kidney stone formation.

Question 25

enhancement of immunity to infections, particularly in children

Answer 25

Increases out immune system
Vit A strengthens the immune system dramatically. We should take in a normalamount of vit A
Fights infections: measles, pneumonia, infectious diarrhea
It can be all three forms of vit A that participates in this

Question 26

Vit A hypervitaminosis

Answer 26

(A) ACUTE HYPERVITAMINOSIS A

(B) CHONIC HYPEVITAMINOSIS A

Question 27

(A) ACUTE HYPERVITAMINOSIS A

Answer 27

• three signs and symptoms: mimics increased intracranial pressure due to a brain tumor(does not actually lead to this).
• headache
• nausea and vomiting
• papial edema- swelling of optic disc.

Question 28

CHONIC HYPEVITAMINOSIS A

Answer 28

• weight loss.
• results in nausea, vomiting
• dryness of mucosa of the lips.-bone and joint pain

Question 29

-hepatomegaly-

Answer 29

liver cirrhosis (fibrosis)

Question 30

-hyperostosis-

Answer 30

overgrowth of the bone from the normal anatomical boundaries. *
Fusion of ALL
Rough fusion..
DISH aka forestiers disease- today we cant say that its due to too much vit A (in thepast it was hypervitaminosis A but today it is not true)
DISH is just an example of hyperostosis.