Week 10 Part 2 Flashcards
Benign tumor
(1)Growth
pattern
(2) tissue of origin terminology Grow relatively slow tumor remains localized Orderly growth
tumor remains localized
BENIGN TUMOR- a root word indicating a type oftissue that has become neoplastic + suffix OMA which means tumor -in the bone= osteoma= benign
Malignant tumor
(1)Growth pattern More rapid growth Distortion of growth aggressive invasion into adjacent normal tissue metastasizing (sending of tumor from the primary place to a distant spot in the body) (2) tissue of origin terminology according to their embryonic origin 1. ectoderm 2. mesoderm 3. endoderm -derived from ectoderm or endoderm= CARINOMAS** -example= adenocarcinoma= tumor of glandular tissue. -derived from mesoderm= SARCOMA -it can not be called carcinoma. -examples= fibrosarcoma= fibrous of CT -chondrosarcoma= cartilage -osteosarcoma= bone
EXLCUSIONS
-these look like benign but they are malignant
1. melanoma
2. Hepatoma
3. Lymphoma
- melanoma
(malignant melanoma should be the correct name)
this is the most dangerous malignant tumor in the human body
if a mole on the skin undergoes changes, enlarges, of changes boundary- run to thedermatologist because the metastasis is fast and there is no cure.
*old cell carcinoma is 2nd most dangerous
- Hepatoma
(hepatocellular carcinoma should be the correct name)this is an incurable cancer of the liver.
- Lymphoma
lymphosarcoma should be the correct name)
malignant tumor always incurable
TUMOR STRUCTURE
-the degree of origin of resemblance of the tumor’s tissue or origin is greater in benign tumors than in malignancies
parenchyma-
Functional tissue, accounts for the properties of the tumor
-ANAPLASIA-
reverse of lack of normal differentiation
ex. Hematopoiesis.
Normal development of blood cells: they are formed from poly potential stem
cells 5 types of blood cells
Ex. Erythropoiesis= formation of RBC: stem cell rubriblast many other formsreticulocyte RBC
What is directly linked?
The degree of anaplasia and the degree of malignancy
Stroma-
Classic CT (connective tissue) without the ability to spread-tumor in any severity of tumor is the same- it is regular CT
SCIRR-
the majority of the tumor is made of stroma
Aka scirrhous cancer-because it pertains only to cancer
The classic example of this is breast adenocarcinoma.
One of the most important characteristics is that the nipple is sunken in.Sometimes the lymph can not go through because the lymph vessels are occluded
Diffuse stomach carcinoma aka leather bottle stomach
Only when the tumor affects the entire organ is it known as leather bottle stomach(not a portion of the stomach)
-SARCOMA-
up to 80% of the tumor is made of parenchyma and little bit of stoma is there-Has opposite properties of cancer
-has a fleshy appearance. (flesh comes out of the breast)
-stoma is not visible, parenchyma is only there.
Osteosarcoma
Breast cancer in males
Osteosarcoma
This is the most common malignant bone tumor in boys (10-25 years old)
Breast cancer in males
2% of breast cancer develops in males***
Tumor structure
- Functional tissue- parenchyma
- ANAPLASIA-
- Stroma-
- SCIRR-
- SARCOMA-
Angiogenesis
- the tumor that grows in the body can steal nutrients from the body only if the size of the tumor is less then 1mm
- if it is greater then 1 mm in size, the tumor has to develop its own network of BVs knownas ANGIOGENESIS
angiogenesis in malignant tumors:
-1. malignant tumor has tumor angiogenesis factor
-1. malignant tumor has tumor angiogenesis factor
which is only produced by malignants tumors and it speeds up the rate of BV formation
A. this means that the BVs have decreased quality
B. there will also be looser endothelial junctions
C. may lack basement membranes (BM)
A. this means that the BVs have decreased quality
less regular pattern (compared with those at healing sites)
B. there will also be looser endothelial junctions
–this means that the blood can leap from BVs into the surrounding tissue. This is why people with cancers can findblood in the various tissues of the human body. Ex, in lung cancer blood can be
found in sputum, in rectal cancer, blood can be found in feces (indicator of rectal
cancer)
in the breast- the first manifestation can be blood leaking from the nipples- this is a bad sign and means the beginning of breast cancer
hypernephroma (kidney cancer)- you will find blood in the urine
vomiting with blood in it (hematemesis) means bleeding from the stomach as a
result of cancer (can also be peptic ulcer though)
C. may lack basement membranes (BM)
when you want to build a house, you
need foundations first.
blood vessels need a foundation called basement membrane and then endothelial
cells go on top
in malignant tumors, the BVs grow so fast there is no growing of BM and the blood cells lie directly on the tumor mass
this is an additional factor why the cells have loss of gap junctions.
When tumors grow very fast and angiogenesis is fast- the quality of BVs might not be good enough to supply the tissuenecrosis death of tissue.
Benign
-grow more rapidly then normal tissue, but more slowly then
malignant tumors
-presence of fibrous CT capsule*
This is an important sign of a benign tumor
Between the tumor and tissue of the stomach wall there is a CT capsule
This means that there is no combination of the tumor and
normal tissue
This prevents contact of the tumor with normal tissue so
removal of the tumor is so simply- just cut the CT and pull out
the tumor
This is a great advantage of benign tumors.
Malignant
-grow more rapidly then benign tumors
-are characterized by invasiveness
Spread of the tumor into adjacent tissue without any capsule
between the tumor and the tissue
This is a huge disadvantage of the malignant tumors
Malignanct Characteristics of invasiveness:
pressure atrophy
Reduced adhesiveness
Chemotaxis
Autocrine motility factors
Pressure atrophy
When the tumor goes into another tissue, it requires space
The tissue atrophies due to pressure when malignant tumors go into the tissues
Reduced adhesiveness
this means that normally the cells of the soft tissue are tightly
joined to each other
in tumors, the adhesion between the various cells of the soft
tissue is much less, so the tumor can tear the soft tissue and gointo adjacent tissue.
Chemotaxis
this means that something is attractive in normal tissue for malignant tissue
the malignant tissue with great “love” goes into the normal tissue
chemical attraction of the bad tumor into good tissue.
Promote invasivness
Autocrine motility factors
Examples of tumors that are invasive
mesothelioma. Large cell carcinoma- Uterus cancer- Small cell lung carcinoma Prostate cancer
mesothelioma.
The CT around the heart prevents the tumor from going in but itcan go into the lungs
Large cell carcinoma
you can not see the boundaries in thistumor because the tumor is invasive
Uterus cancer
spreads into the bladder
Small cell lung carcinoma*
one of the most malignant tumors of the human body. AKA OAT cell carcinoma*
Prostate cancer
invades the bladder wall and the rectum
Invasiveness makes the malignant tumors very dangerous- weneed to find them as early as possible
If you find them before the invade you can remove, but once
they invade we need to cut out big portions of the vital organs.
Malignant characterized by ability to send metastasis
Sending of the malignant tumor into the distant parts of the
body.
There is no physical connection between primary and
secondary tumors.
This is unique of malignant tumors (this is what makes them so aggressive and so dangerous)
Cannon ball metastasis-
sometimes the tumors look like bigcannon balls
Tumor
- there are two characteristics of TUMOR
(1) pattern of growth
(2) tissue origin - there are two types of tumors- benign and malignant
Malignant tumor metastasis
1. Via embolism through the blood Via veins Via veins of the GI tract- Via arteries via the lymph vessels via the body cavities
Via embolism through the blood
they go outside and develop secondary tumors with the same characteristics
The tumor can tear the tissue due to decreased adhesiveness. They produce substances that penetrate the vessel wall to getout and go to another area of the body
Via veins-
you will find the metastasis in the lungs. when you
suspect malignant tumors- take an x ray of the chest to see if it has spread.
Ex. Choricocarcinoma (of ovaries) can spread to the lungs.
Via veins of the GI tract
you will find metastasis in the liver Components of digestion go to the blood circulation and the
blood has to go to get filtered by the liver first via the portal
system so the cancer will spread to the liver.
Ex. Stomach cancer liver
Via arteries-
when there is appearance of tumors in the arterialsystem they go to well blood supplied organs (just like
embolism)
These include: heart, brain, spleen, and kidneys
20% of the time they appear in the brain
via the lymph vessels
lymph is interstitial fluid that is collected by the lymph vessels itwill eventually flow into the venous system of the systemic
circulation
the first place where the flow is broken is lymphatic nodes= A.
growth of the tumor within lymph nodes=
LYMPHADENOPATHY-lymph nodes will not be painful= cold
(cant see it with heat instrumentation)
ex. lungs and stomach cancer lymphadenopathy virchows
nodes ( single lymph node enlargement on the left side)
B. obstruction of the lymphatic vessels- a huge mass will form
and turn blue due to prevention of blood flow.
ex. Elephantitis= obstruction of lymphatic vessels
via the body cavities
this is a unique situation, there is no fluid flow here
there is development of secondary ovarian cancer, and theprimary site is of the stomach= krukenberg tumors
cancer in latin means
Crab
-the tumor that has no CT capsule around it looks like crab
carcinomas spread via the
lymphatic system*
-sarcomas spread via
Blood
Lymphostasis
Destruction of blood vessels
