Week 10 Part1

Question 1

-(1)tuberculosis (TB)

Answer 1

-mantoux (tuberculin) reaction
 This will not give you an infection… this is just a screening for it.
 God to do 48 hours after because it is delayed.
-if papilla can occur (between 1-2 cm)= positive mantoux reaction. (If
there is presence of the bacteria in the body, we will already have
synthesizes cells against the bacteria)
-if the patient is infected by mycobacterium TB there is a specific reaction
on the skin of erythema (redness) and induration (sclerosis or
hardening)
-macrophages and other cells accumulate around the area and account for increased permeability to BVs for fibrinogen. Fibrinogen goes to the site ofinjection
 Perivascular accumulation of T4- lymphocytes and (to a lesser extent) macrophages.
-fibrin results in induration (hardening)
-erythema is due to increased blood cells
-no reaction of papilla less then 1 cm is considered negative mantoux reaction
-this tells us whether this patient has or has not been infected by TB

Question 2

GRANULOMA (formed by the body by presence of TB infection)

Answer 2

-granuloma- prevention of spread of the bacteria from this area to any
other area in the body. Mycobacterium can not spread out and they arekilled in this area.
-epithelioid cells- same as macrophages with a different shape
- interferon- gamma (from the T lymphocytes) cause the epithelioid cellsmake giant multinucleated cells
-infection surrounded by epitheloid cells, then by multinucleated cells,
then lymphocytes and fibroblasts and CT (these are all components of thegranuloma)

Question 3

Giant multinucleated cells

Answer 3

Langhans-type body cells

Foreign body-type body cells (formed on infectious diseases)

Question 4

(2)Contact dermatitis

Answer 4

-the most known develops when there is exposure to poison ivy or poison oak.
-if you touch a leaf from the poison ivy you get urushiol in your body (thisis the substance accounting for delayed type HSR- the active substance
accounting for this reaction which is in the poison oak. ) and two days
later you will see the effects of the immune reaction in your body.
-this is not a chemical burn by the plants, this is a type 4 HSR.

Question 5

urushiol

Answer 5

the substance accounting for delayed type HSR- the active substanceaccounting for this reaction which is in the poison oak

Question 6

t cell
mediated
cytotoxicity

Answer 6

(1) antiviral immunity
(2) anti tumorous immunity
(3) graft rejection

Question 7

t cell
mediated
cytotoxicity

Answer 7

-here the effector cells are T8 cytotoxic cells
 They find and eliminate the bad boys from the human body
 They play a huge and important role in our body

Question 8

antiviral immunity

Answer 8

• they want to find viral infected cells and kill these cells with the virus in them (in type 2 is requires the presence of the ABS- but here this can work immediately instead of waiting for Abs to develop= 10-14 days)
• this is important because we can fight the virus faster.

Question 9

anti tumorous immunity

Answer 9

-every day many cells (4 billion) in our body undergo deviation from
normal development. If they aren’t eliminated
 malignant tumors
-T8 cells find these deviated cells from normal development and kill them-so they prevent cancer in our body.
-cancer can develop when our immune system isn’t strong enough (so we need to keep healthy)

Question 10

graft rejection

Answer 10

-if there is appearance of non self cells in the body these cells are rejected
by the body
-T8 cytotoxic cells account for rejection of none self cells.
-this is a big problem with organ transplants. (rejection of donor organs)-
so we have to suppress the immune system after operation and the personwill have to be quarantined after operation
-the best thing to do is get an organ from a blood relative so the change for rejection is much less.

Question 11

delayed type HSR

Of type 4

Answer 11

• (1)tuberculosis (TB)

(2) Contact dermatitis

Question 12

NEOPLASIA

Answer 12

• NEOPLASIA means tissue formation and involves overgrowth of a tissue to form aneoplastic mass, of NEOPLASM, which is called TUMOR
• tumor means swelling

Question 13

why the tumor
develops.
Adaptive growthrespons

Answer 13

-HYPERTROPHY-
HYPERPLASIA-
-METAPLASIA-
-DYSPLASIA-
NEOPLASIA-

Question 14

-HYPERTROPHY-

Answer 14

is the process of cell and organ enlargement that occurs in
response to increased demands*
-cells enlarge in side
-example: hypertrophy in the heart in response to increase resistance to blood flow= hypertension

Question 15

HYPERPLASIA-

Answer 15

mitosis produces new cells, but only in quantities needed to meeta particular demand.

-example: increased irritation of skin under the joints in RA = production of callouses.

Question 16

-METAPLASIA-

Answer 16

is a change of the cell type.

-example: tracheal- bronchial tree- they have mucosa which is covered from inside wherethe lumen is by tall columnar epithelial cells with villi.
-among these cells there are presence of specific single cells which produce mucous
known as goblet mucous producing cells.
-is a person is a smoker, the mucous of the tree is sensitize to any kind of gas (even the gasfrom a BBQ)-the mucous cells are damaged.
-the body doesn’t want these cells to be damaged so they exchange these cells which are prone to gas with cells that are strong- these cells are squamous epithelial cells (the cellsthat cover our skin)
-this is replacement of one type of cell with another cell that is normal (but not in that
area)
-when this occurs, the smokers are prone to bronchitis and pneumonias.

Question 17

-DYSPLASIA-

Answer 17

is a loss in the uniformity of the individual cells as well as a loss in their architectural orientation
-different degrees of PLEOMORPHISM

Question 18

Pleomorphism is characterized by:

Answer 18

Variability of the cell size and shape, in contract to the regularity of the cellstructure seen in normal tissue
Larger, more darkly stain nuclei
Increased mitosis rate.

-example: tall columnar epithelial cells with villi of the tree.
-first they will get metaplasia (change of cells) which can be reversible if they stop
smoking.
-all the cells in metaplasia are the same size and healthy, they are just not the typical cellsof the tree
-but if this is prolonged you get dysplasia, which is different shapes of the cells.
-there are no layers of cells, the size of the cells is different, different location of the cells,
different shape of nuclei.= dysplasia

Question 19

NEOPLASIA-

Answer 19

the formation of the tumor mass represents an irreversible alteration in a cell’s growth pattern

-difference between dysplasia and neoplasia
 In dysplasia there are some normal cells (combo of normal and abnormal cells).
And it can be reversible
 In neoplasia there are only pleomorphic cells (only abnormal cells). This is already a formed tumor and is irreversible

Question 20

-HYPOPLASIA-

Answer 20

development that is inadequate, so that the resulting tissue isimmature and functionally deficient

• example: one kidney will be normal and the other will be under developed.
• it is smaller and can not function properly
• the organ is still there through

Question 21

-APLASIA-

Answer 21

lack of organ development

• the organ is absent form the human body
• example: toxoplasma- the baby is born without a lower leg.