Week 10 Part1 Flashcards
-(1)tuberculosis (TB)
-mantoux (tuberculin) reaction
This will not give you an infection… this is just a screening for it.
God to do 48 hours after because it is delayed.
-if papilla can occur (between 1-2 cm)= positive mantoux reaction. (If
there is presence of the bacteria in the body, we will already have
synthesizes cells against the bacteria)
-if the patient is infected by mycobacterium TB there is a specific reaction
on the skin of erythema (redness) and induration (sclerosis or
hardening)
-macrophages and other cells accumulate around the area and account for increased permeability to BVs for fibrinogen. Fibrinogen goes to the site ofinjection
Perivascular accumulation of T4- lymphocytes and (to a lesser extent) macrophages.
-fibrin results in induration (hardening)
-erythema is due to increased blood cells
-no reaction of papilla less then 1 cm is considered negative mantoux reaction
-this tells us whether this patient has or has not been infected by TB
GRANULOMA (formed by the body by presence of TB infection)
-granuloma- prevention of spread of the bacteria from this area to any
other area in the body. Mycobacterium can not spread out and they arekilled in this area.
-epithelioid cells- same as macrophages with a different shape
- interferon- gamma (from the T lymphocytes) cause the epithelioid cellsmake giant multinucleated cells
-infection surrounded by epitheloid cells, then by multinucleated cells,
then lymphocytes and fibroblasts and CT (these are all components of thegranuloma)
Giant multinucleated cells
Langhans-type body cells
Foreign body-type body cells (formed on infectious diseases)
(2)Contact dermatitis
-the most known develops when there is exposure to poison ivy or poison oak.
-if you touch a leaf from the poison ivy you get urushiol in your body (thisis the substance accounting for delayed type HSR- the active substance
accounting for this reaction which is in the poison oak. ) and two days
later you will see the effects of the immune reaction in your body.
-this is not a chemical burn by the plants, this is a type 4 HSR.
urushiol
the substance accounting for delayed type HSR- the active substanceaccounting for this reaction which is in the poison oak
t cell
mediated
cytotoxicity
(1) antiviral immunity
(2) anti tumorous immunity
(3) graft rejection
t cell
mediated
cytotoxicity
-here the effector cells are T8 cytotoxic cells
They find and eliminate the bad boys from the human body
They play a huge and important role in our body
antiviral immunity
- they want to find viral infected cells and kill these cells with the virus in them (in type 2 is requires the presence of the ABS- but here this can work immediately instead of waiting for Abs to develop= 10-14 days)
- this is important because we can fight the virus faster.
anti tumorous immunity
-every day many cells (4 billion) in our body undergo deviation from
normal development. If they aren’t eliminated
malignant tumors
-T8 cells find these deviated cells from normal development and kill them-so they prevent cancer in our body.
-cancer can develop when our immune system isn’t strong enough (so we need to keep healthy)
graft rejection
-if there is appearance of non self cells in the body these cells are rejected
by the body
-T8 cytotoxic cells account for rejection of none self cells.
-this is a big problem with organ transplants. (rejection of donor organs)-
so we have to suppress the immune system after operation and the personwill have to be quarantined after operation
-the best thing to do is get an organ from a blood relative so the change for rejection is much less.
delayed type HSR
Of type 4
- (1)tuberculosis (TB)
(2) Contact dermatitis
NEOPLASIA
- NEOPLASIA means tissue formation and involves overgrowth of a tissue to form aneoplastic mass, of NEOPLASM, which is called TUMOR
- tumor means swelling
why the tumor
develops.
Adaptive growthrespons
-HYPERTROPHY- HYPERPLASIA- -METAPLASIA- -DYSPLASIA- NEOPLASIA-
-HYPERTROPHY-
is the process of cell and organ enlargement that occurs in
response to increased demands*
-cells enlarge in side
-example: hypertrophy in the heart in response to increase resistance to blood flow= hypertension
HYPERPLASIA-
mitosis produces new cells, but only in quantities needed to meeta particular demand.
-example: increased irritation of skin under the joints in RA = production of callouses.
-METAPLASIA-
is a change of the cell type.
-example: tracheal- bronchial tree- they have mucosa which is covered from inside wherethe lumen is by tall columnar epithelial cells with villi.
-among these cells there are presence of specific single cells which produce mucous
known as goblet mucous producing cells.
-is a person is a smoker, the mucous of the tree is sensitize to any kind of gas (even the gasfrom a BBQ)-the mucous cells are damaged.
-the body doesn’t want these cells to be damaged so they exchange these cells which are prone to gas with cells that are strong- these cells are squamous epithelial cells (the cellsthat cover our skin)
-this is replacement of one type of cell with another cell that is normal (but not in that
area)
-when this occurs, the smokers are prone to bronchitis and pneumonias.
-DYSPLASIA-
is a loss in the uniformity of the individual cells as well as a loss in their architectural orientation
-different degrees of PLEOMORPHISM
Pleomorphism is characterized by:
Variability of the cell size and shape, in contract to the regularity of the cellstructure seen in normal tissue
Larger, more darkly stain nuclei
Increased mitosis rate.
-example: tall columnar epithelial cells with villi of the tree.
-first they will get metaplasia (change of cells) which can be reversible if they stop
smoking.
-all the cells in metaplasia are the same size and healthy, they are just not the typical cellsof the tree
-but if this is prolonged you get dysplasia, which is different shapes of the cells.
-there are no layers of cells, the size of the cells is different, different location of the cells,
different shape of nuclei.= dysplasia
NEOPLASIA-
the formation of the tumor mass represents an irreversible alteration in a cell’s growth pattern
-difference between dysplasia and neoplasia
In dysplasia there are some normal cells (combo of normal and abnormal cells).
And it can be reversible
In neoplasia there are only pleomorphic cells (only abnormal cells). This is already a formed tumor and is irreversible
-HYPOPLASIA-
development that is inadequate, so that the resulting tissue isimmature and functionally deficient
- example: one kidney will be normal and the other will be under developed.
- it is smaller and can not function properly
- the organ is still there through
-APLASIA-
lack of organ development
- the organ is absent form the human body
- example: toxoplasma- the baby is born without a lower leg.
