Week 3 Part 1 Flashcards
hasimoto’s thyroiditis*
inadequate hormonal stimulus
-the auto antibodies bind to the receptor and then TSH can notbind (the receptors are already occupied).
There is no
stimulation of the thyroid gland and it undergoes atrophy.
-leads to HYPOTHYROIDISM.
-must know that it is the most common cause of hypo functionof the thyroid gland in the USA. ** (due to lack of stimulation)
grave’s disease
–hypertrophy
-also associated with the action of TSH, but the auto antibodiesproduced in graves disease (auto immune disease) do not
block the receptors for TSH but they stimulate the receptors.
-hyperthyroidism-
they eyes want to jump out of the orbit.
-most common cause of hyperthyroidism= increased functionof the thyroid gland.
-permanent production of thyroid hormone- they are active
and thin
(exopthalamus)
–(1) eyes are pushed out of orbit by fluid accumulation behind the eyes. (2)You can see a big gap
between the eye lid and the cornea.
BLEBS
pouchings of the cell membrane
reversible if 1 or 2) (but if more then 2 blebs= irreversible
MYELIN FIGURES
whirling of the cell membrane (1/2= reversible) (more then 2= irreversible structural changes of the cells)
KARYOLYSIS.
lysis of the nucleus- the nucleus dissolves within the cytosol .
Karyon means nucleus and lysis means dissolution.
PYKNOSIS
condensation of the nucleus
nucleus becomes Petite
KARYORRHEXIS
fragmentation of the nucleus- looks like nucleus is cut.
NECROSIS
death of cells or tissues through injury or diseases, especially in a localizedarea of the body
-condition of cell death.
inadequate hormones
-endocrine gland= pituitary gland= regulation gland.
-there is a relationship between the pituitary gland, the nervous system and the thyroid gland. (the CNS pituitary
gland thyroid stimulating hormone= TSH binds to
receptors on the thyroid gland thyroid hormones and its
release go into circulation negative feedback (FEED
INHIBITION) to pituitary to stop releasing TSH
-when there is an imbalance in the endocrine system, it is hard to recover from it (birth control pills)
coagulativenecrosis/
coagulation
necrosis. **
-implies preservation of basic outline of the coagulate cellsfor a span of at least some days
- the necrotic tissue is dead but there is no change of the shape or size for several days. allows the body to begin healing
(connective tissue)
-it looks the same except one tissue is alive and one tissue is
dead.
coagulativenecrosis/
coagulation
necrosis Characterized by
(1) denaturation of cytoplasmic proteins
(2) breakdown of cell organelles
(3) cell swelling
myocardial infarction-
death of the muscle tissue
-this occurs in the heart, which has high blood pressure in the
chambers. If the wall of the heart is wear= rupture of the heart
(rare)
-this type of necrosis creates a good site for replacement of the
dead tissue by connective tissue which is strong enough to keepthe blood inside the heart.
INFARCT-
a zone of necrosis caused by oxygen deficiency.
WHITE INFARCT
develops ina tissue with single blood supply* (blood supply to the heart is
by only one coronary artery)
RED INFARCT
develops in the tissue with more then one blood supply. (it has a red colour)
-this can occur in the lungs.
liquefaction necrosis
-there is complete digestion of the dead cells, resulting in transformation of the tissue into a liquid viscous mass.
Ex. Stroke
Stroke
- infarct in the brain tissue
- gray matter will look very irregular and dark= absence of brain mater= empty space.
- it will be filled with CSF and neuroglia (white tissue)
- brain damage in the case of stroke
casseous necrosis
- curd like or cheese like necrosis
- looks like melted cheese after being in the microwave.
-appears as: amorphous granular debris seemingly
composed of fragmented, coagulated cells
and
-amorphous granular debris enclosed within a distinctive inflammatory border known as a granulomatous reaction
Ex. TB and leprosy
tuberculosis
-of the lungs
-it is eventually removed from the body by cells and it results inbig cavities in the areas.
-may damage the blood vessels hemorrhage from the lung
tissue= number one cause of death in tuberculosis
leprosy
gummatousnecrosis aka
GUMMA
-necrosis of the tissue because of the syphilis-develops only in one disease:
syphilis aka LUES**
syphilis aka Lues
-affects both the spinal cord and the brain. (in the third stage= tertiary piphillis)
TABES DORSALIS
symmetrical numbness and tingling
GENERAL PARESIS AKA GENERAL PARESIS OF INSANE
brain is involved it leads to neurological functions
peoplebecome insane
zenker’s necrosis
-a severe glassy or waxy necrosis of skeletal muscles in acute infectious diseases, especially in typhoid.
Tyhoid
- an infectious disease.
- not as bad as cholera.
- bacteria is found in dirty areas.
- incubation period is 3 weeks.
- complication= perforation of intestines.
fat necrosis
aka
steatonecrosis
- a necrosis of adipose tissue
- characterized by formation of calcium soaps when fat is hydrolyzed into glycerol and fatty acids.
- may be a result of trauma. ( a punch in the stomach)
pancreonecrosis
fatal disease
-develops when a person has gall bladder stones (the stones
block the juice from the pancreas, there is self digestion of thepancreas)
-you can not live without a pancreas death
-more common in women, 30-40 years old.
fibrinoid necrosis
- occurs in the walls of blood vessels when endothelial and smooth muscle cells are injured and dying
- occurs in immune reactions*
Aschoff’s nodes
pathopneumotic sign of rheumatic myocarditis (rheumaticinflammation of the heart muscles)
- fibrinoid necrosis within the heart muscles.
- typical of immune reactions
gangrene
gangrenous necrosis
serious and potentially life threatening condition thatarises when a considerable mass of body tissue dies.
-usually applied to necrosis in the extremities and in the
intestines.
DRY GANGRENE
- a condition when coagulation is sustained.
- Causes: (1) ischemia (2) artherosclerosis (3) diabetes mellitus-has black colour.
- may result in amputation
- can spread up the joints.
-systemic sclerosis aka scleroderma
- spastic reactions that results in obliteration of small arteries of the distal portions of the extremities
- Raynauds= vasospastic reaction
-diabetes mellitus (diabetic microangiopathy)
-one of the bad outcomes of diabetes mellitus
-buerger’s disease (aka thromboangitis obliterans)
- develops in young males
- related to smoking
- if you quit smoking the disease stops.
- results in obliteration of blood vessels of the extremities
WET GANGRENE
-occurs if the enzymes of invading phagocytic cells break
down the necrotic debris and produce some liquefaction
causes: (1) bed sores, (2) blockage of blood flow (more venous)(3) presence of numerous bacteria (anaerobic) (clostridium
perfringens, bacillus fusiformis)
GAS GANGRENE
- a bacterial infection that produces gas within tissues
- anaerobic infection
- major problem in battle (the soldiers)
- causes: (1) clostrdium perfingerns (anaerobic) (2) anaerobicstreptococci.
