Week 3 Part 1

Question 1

hasimoto’s thyroiditis*

Answer 1

inadequate hormonal stimulus
-the auto antibodies bind to the receptor and then TSH can notbind (the receptors are already occupied).
There is no
stimulation of the thyroid gland and it undergoes atrophy.
-leads to HYPOTHYROIDISM.
-must know that it is the most common cause of hypo functionof the thyroid gland in the USA. ** (due to lack of stimulation)

Question 2

grave’s disease

Answer 2

–hypertrophy
-also associated with the action of TSH, but the auto antibodiesproduced in graves disease (auto immune disease) do not
block the receptors for TSH but they stimulate the receptors.

Question 3

-hyperthyroidism-

Answer 3

they eyes want to jump out of the orbit.
-most common cause of hyperthyroidism= increased functionof the thyroid gland.
-permanent production of thyroid hormone- they are active
and thin

Question 4

(exopthalamus)

Answer 4

–(1) eyes are pushed out of orbit by fluid accumulation behind the eyes. (2)You can see a big gap
between the eye lid and the cornea.

Question 5

BLEBS

Answer 5

pouchings of the cell membrane

reversible if 1 or 2) (but if more then 2 blebs= irreversible

Question 6

MYELIN FIGURES

Answer 6

whirling of the cell membrane (1/2= reversible) (more then 2= irreversible structural changes of the cells)

Question 7

KARYOLYSIS.

Answer 7

lysis of the nucleus- the nucleus dissolves within the cytosol .
Karyon means nucleus and lysis means dissolution.

Question 8

PYKNOSIS

Answer 8

condensation of the nucleus

nucleus becomes Petite

Question 9

KARYORRHEXIS

Answer 9

fragmentation of the nucleus- looks like nucleus is cut.

Question 10

NECROSIS

Answer 10

death of cells or tissues through injury or diseases, especially in a localizedarea of the body
-condition of cell death.

Question 11

inadequate hormones

Answer 11

-endocrine gland= pituitary gland= regulation gland.
-there is a relationship between the pituitary gland, the nervous system and the thyroid gland. (the CNS pituitary
gland thyroid stimulating hormone= TSH binds to
receptors on the thyroid gland thyroid hormones and its
release go into circulation negative feedback (FEED
INHIBITION) to pituitary to stop releasing TSH
-when there is an imbalance in the endocrine system, it is hard to recover from it (birth control pills)

Question 12

coagulativenecrosis/
coagulation
necrosis. **

Answer 12

-implies preservation of basic outline of the coagulate cellsfor a span of at least some days
- the necrotic tissue is dead but there is no change of the shape or size for several days.  allows the body to begin healing
(connective tissue)
-it looks the same except one tissue is alive and one tissue is
dead.

Question 13

coagulativenecrosis/
coagulation
necrosis Characterized by

Answer 13

(1) denaturation of cytoplasmic proteins
(2) breakdown of cell organelles
(3) cell swelling

Question 14

myocardial infarction-

Answer 14

death of the muscle tissue
-this occurs in the heart, which has high blood pressure in the
chambers. If the wall of the heart is wear= rupture of the heart
(rare)
-this type of necrosis creates a good site for replacement of the
dead tissue by connective tissue which is strong enough to keepthe blood inside the heart.

Question 15

INFARCT-

Answer 15

a zone of necrosis caused by oxygen deficiency.

Question 16

WHITE INFARCT

Answer 16

develops ina tissue with single blood supply* (blood supply to the heart is
by only one coronary artery)

Question 17

RED INFARCT

Answer 17

develops in the tissue with more then one blood supply. (it has a red colour)
-this can occur in the lungs.

Question 18

liquefaction necrosis

Answer 18

-there is complete digestion of the dead cells, resulting in transformation of the tissue into a liquid viscous mass.
Ex. Stroke

Question 19

Stroke

Answer 19

• infarct in the brain tissue
• gray matter will look very irregular and dark= absence of brain mater= empty space.
• it will be filled with CSF and neuroglia (white tissue)
• brain damage in the case of stroke

Question 20

casseous necrosis

Answer 20

• curd like or cheese like necrosis
• looks like melted cheese after being in the microwave.

-appears as: amorphous granular debris seemingly
composed of fragmented, coagulated cells
and
-amorphous granular debris enclosed within a distinctive inflammatory border known as a granulomatous reaction
Ex. TB and leprosy

Question 21

tuberculosis

Answer 21

-of the lungs
-it is eventually removed from the body by cells and it results inbig cavities in the areas.
-may damage the blood vessels hemorrhage from the lung
tissue= number one cause of death in tuberculosis
leprosy

Question 22

gummatousnecrosis aka

GUMMA

Answer 22

-necrosis of the tissue because of the syphilis-develops only in one disease:

syphilis aka LUES**

Question 23

syphilis aka Lues

Answer 23

-affects both the spinal cord and the brain. (in the third stage= tertiary piphillis)

Question 24

TABES DORSALIS

Answer 24

symmetrical numbness and tingling

Question 25

GENERAL PARESIS AKA GENERAL PARESIS OF INSANE

Answer 25

brain is involved it leads to neurological functions

peoplebecome insane

Question 26

zenker’s necrosis

Answer 26

-a severe glassy or waxy necrosis of skeletal muscles in acute infectious diseases, especially in typhoid.

Question 27

Tyhoid

Answer 27

• an infectious disease.
• not as bad as cholera.
• bacteria is found in dirty areas.
• incubation period is 3 weeks.
• complication= perforation of intestines.

Question 28

fat necrosis
aka
steatonecrosis

Answer 28

• a necrosis of adipose tissue
• characterized by formation of calcium soaps when fat is hydrolyzed into glycerol and fatty acids.
• may be a result of trauma. ( a punch in the stomach)

Question 29

pancreonecrosis

Answer 29

fatal disease
-develops when a person has gall bladder stones (the stones
block the juice from the pancreas, there is self digestion of thepancreas)
-you can not live without a pancreas death
-more common in women, 30-40 years old.

Question 30

fibrinoid necrosis

Answer 30

• occurs in the walls of blood vessels when endothelial and smooth muscle cells are injured and dying
• occurs in immune reactions*

Question 31

Aschoff’s nodes

Answer 31

pathopneumotic sign of rheumatic myocarditis (rheumaticinflammation of the heart muscles)

• fibrinoid necrosis within the heart muscles.
• typical of immune reactions

Question 32

gangrene

gangrenous necrosis

Answer 32

serious and potentially life threatening condition thatarises when a considerable mass of body tissue dies.
-usually applied to necrosis in the extremities and in the
intestines.

Question 33

DRY GANGRENE

Answer 33

• a condition when coagulation is sustained.
• Causes: (1) ischemia (2) artherosclerosis (3) diabetes mellitus-has black colour.
• may result in amputation
• can spread up the joints.

Question 34

-systemic sclerosis aka scleroderma

Answer 34

• spastic reactions that results in obliteration of small arteries of the distal portions of the extremities
• Raynauds= vasospastic reaction

Question 35

-diabetes mellitus (diabetic microangiopathy)

Answer 35

-one of the bad outcomes of diabetes mellitus

Question 36

-buerger’s disease (aka thromboangitis obliterans)

Answer 36

• develops in young males
• related to smoking
• if you quit smoking the disease stops.
• results in obliteration of blood vessels of the extremities

Question 37

WET GANGRENE

Answer 37

-occurs if the enzymes of invading phagocytic cells break
down the necrotic debris and produce some liquefaction
causes: (1) bed sores, (2) blockage of blood flow (more venous)(3) presence of numerous bacteria (anaerobic) (clostridium
perfringens, bacillus fusiformis)

Question 38

GAS GANGRENE

Answer 38

• a bacterial infection that produces gas within tissues
• anaerobic infection
• major problem in battle (the soldiers)
• causes: (1) clostrdium perfingerns (anaerobic) (2) anaerobicstreptococci.