Week 3 Part 2 Flashcards
TWO TYPES OF APOPTOSIS
natural conditions
pathological conditions
natural conditions
- the programmed destruction of cells during
embryogenesis. - this is normal apoptosos
- hormone-dependent involution in adults
- a good example is menopause or periods in girls.
pathological conditions
-cell injury in certain viral diseases
-when a virus is inside the cell, the cell will die
-death of neutrophils during an acute inflammatory
response.
carbon (coal)
EXOGENOUS PIGMENTS
-most common
-it gets into the lungs= ANTHRACOSIS- accumulation of carbon
in the lungs
-the lungs look black
-a good example is miners.
-the lungs react to the presence of the carbon: chronic
inflammation and replacement of the damaged tissue by scar
tissue= COAL WORK PNEUMONCONIOSIS= replacement of lung
damage by scar tissue that has to do with carbon
tattooing
EXOGENOUS PIGMENTS
when you remove a tattoo you might get a keloid scar.
-natural reaction to any skin healing is a scar development
-another problem will be allergic reaction to ink. The person
has permanent allergen in the body= blisters on the tattoo.
lipofuscin
(lipochrome)
ENDOGENOUS PIGMENTS
-represents complexes of protein and lipid derived from
free- radical peroxidation of polyunsaturated lipids of
subcellular membranes
-also known as wear and tear pigment or brown atrophy**
melanin
ENDOGENOUS PIGMENTS
-deposition of BLACK pigments
-can be normal and pathological black pigments
-normal= melanin
-melanin is located in the melanocytes which is located in the
epidermis
-it protects our skin from ultra violet radiation
homogentisic -pathological black
acid aka
alkapton
ENDOGENOUS PIGMENTS
-pathological black
-its accumulation in tissue leads to dystrophic changes of
cartilage and the spine.
-calcium deposition into disc
-can lead to osteoarthritis.
bilirubin
ENDOGENOUS PIGMENTS
- from red blood cells
- has to do with the liver
hemosiderin
-iron
-accumulation in tissues where there is local or systemic
excess of IRON and represents large aggregate of ferritin
micelles
LOCAL EXCESS
Hemosiderosis
-raccoon sign and battle sign.
-there are too many red blood cells.
-heme is released and it undergoes chemical changes and the
bruise will change colour.
Hemochromatosis
accumultion of 20 to 50 grams.
-associated with a deposition of hemosiderin in many
organs and tissues in the cases of SYSTEMIC OVERLOAD OF
IRON
hereditary hemochromatosis
- sometimes known as primary
- this is a genetic disease
secondary hemochromatosis or secondary iron overload.
- aquired disease
- increased absorption of iron in the GI tract
- accumulation of extra amounts of iron
Bantu siderosis
- accumulation of iron in alcoholic barrels.
- when you drink it, you get hemochromatosis.
three outcomes are the most common: in Bantu siderosis
Liver fibrosis(iron interferes with liver function)
(interferes with DNA- people can get liver cancer)
o Cardiac failure- cardiomegaly
o Diabetes mellitus (pancreas failure)
hemochromatosis (primary or secondary) is manifested by
many signs and symptoms
Hepatomegaly- enlargement of the liver
o Abdominal pain
o Skin pigmentation – common in areas that are exposed
to the sun
o Signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus
o Arrhythmia- ends with cardiac failure
o Temporary arthritis- very unusual
- too much iron in the body
- pigmentation ends with siderosis
Wilson’s disease aka hepatolenticular degernation
-genetic disease in males
-results in accumulation of copper in the body (it is important
for function
kayser- Fleischer rings
eyes- deposition of copper between cornea and conjunctiva
-green colour
Dystrophic
calcification
-deposition of calcium salts into the atrophic or necrotic tissue
Ghon’s focus (primary tuberculosis plexus)
-when there is inhalation of microbacteria tuberculosis it usually
goes to the lungs upper lobes of the lungs.
GRANULOMA
SPREAD.
accumulation of cells
around the accumulation of bacteria with the purpose of
restricting its spread.
systemic sclerosis aka scleroderma
-over activity of fibroblasts (source of components of Connective
Tissue-CT) overproduction of CT CT looks for space so it
atrophies any tissue in the system. (scar tissue replaces the
regular tissue)
SCLERODACTYLY (claw like hands)
-skin gets replaced by CT- which shortens and shrinks as it
matures. You get contracture of the joints because of the soft
tissue surrounding it
-D- penicillamine
drug made of penicillin with strong
cytostatic properties (drug whose function is to prevent
replication of cells, used in autoimmune diseases)
-it also has good chelating properties (binding of metals and
removing them from the body)
-it will increase the lifespan of the people. (young boys)
-used in wilsons disease and systemic sclerosis (because of its
cytostatic properties- suppression of the immune respons
Metastatic
calcification
(1) deposition of calcium into the tissue other then necrotic or atrophic
(2) hypercalcemia- increased concentration of calcium in the Blood
causes: of Metastatic
calcification
(1) increased secretion of parathyroid hormone
(2) destruction of bone in:
accelerated turnover (Paget’s disease)
immobilization
tumors (multiple myeloma, leukemias, multiple
skeletal metastases)
(3) vitamin D related disorders* (a very dangerous vitamin
if in too high amounts)
(4) sarcoidosis
(5) renal failure in secondary hyperparathyroidism
Ischemia.
-lack of blood supply to tissues or organs
-the most injure-able organ from this point of view is 1. the
brain.
Heart muscle- may develop myocardial infarction.
-less vulnerable to ischemia: lungs, kidneys, spleen
-they can be damaged, but it is not fatal
-least vulnerable to ischemia= liver.
-there is no such thing as a liver infarction.
Ionizing
radiation
-most vulnerable: 1. hematopoietic organs-the is blood cell
production= bone marrow
-it can develop leukemias.
2. sexual glands- ovaries and testies (called gonads)
3. hair follicles- after radiation therapy people lose their hair.
4. skin- can get burnt
5. GI tract- after radiation your GI tract burns and you will
vomit.
Viral infection
-the virus is an intra-cellular parasite- the virus lives within
the cells.
-different viruses have different tropisms (live in different
places) (which makes them function differently)
Inflammation
-any bad substances that get into the body promotes the inflammatory response no
matter what it is and no matter where it is
Acute inflammation
Signs and
symptoms
- RUBOR- redness
CALOR- heat
TUMOR- swelling
DOLOR-pain
-galen added later: - FUNCTIO LAESA- loss of function
Acute inflammation
Microcirculation
level
Arterioles
o Capillaries-smallest blood vessels in the human
body
-has two layers:
-1. Basement membrane- the foundation
-2. Endothelial cells- cover the inner surface of all blood
vessels.
Apoptosis
-greek= falling off
-a pathway of cell death that is induced by a tightly
regulated intracellular program in which cells destined to
die activate enzymes that degrade the cells’ own nuclear
DNA and nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins.
