Week 2 Part 2 Flashcards
Malaria
Micro organism
-associated with hemolysis
-cause of malaria is a protozoa (microorganism) = plasmodium malaria-this parasite likes to live in RBCs
-vector is mosquitos.
-life span of plasmodium=2-4 days= rupture of RBCs= fever, chill,
a
echinococcus
Micro organism
-worm with microscopic head and huge body (the head can not be
seen)
-the body is made of cysts which grow and destroy tissue in the body -animals are the temporary host of this worm, we get it from eating
undercooked meat.
-most common areas for this are liver and b
hydrophic changes
-the cell membrane is the most important part to cell function
-the cell membrane is permeable to water, and this is very
important.
-sodium can go into the cell without any problems, it doesn’t
require any energy. But the cell membrane is not permeable to sodium from inside to outside (it needs energy to do this= ATP,produced in the mitochondria) (to do out, sodium needs ATP)
Cloudy swelling
accumulation of fluid in the cells makes them hazy
Hydrophic degeneration
degeneration is associated withhydrophic changes.
STEATOSIS
Fatty changes
creation of lipoproteins happens in the hepatocytes as a result of reactions with native products (fatty acids and proteins lipoproteins go into blood stream) (this is what normally occurs)-injury: inability of cell to accomplish function
if this continues it results in pressure atrophy of liver tissue
THREE ORGANS AFFECTED BY STEATOSIS:
Liver- most common
Heart
Kidneys
MAIN THINGS THAT CAUSE STEATOSIS*
- protein malnutrition is one of the real causes of steatosis
- anoxia- absence of oxygen
- intoxication- alcohol abuse- number one enemy of liver function-obesity – too much free fatty acids
- diabetes mellitus- impairment of fat metabolism
Residual bodies
-the intracellular accumulation of RESIDUAL BODIES is relatedto the cell’s capacity to cope with potentially threatening
bacteria or to deal with damaged organelles.
Vulnerable organs to residual bodies
Liver
Kidneys
Nervous tissue
hyaline changes. Aka hyalinization
- hyaline is glass-like, pink substances that is found under the microscope within or outside the cell.
- looks like hyaline cartilage (covers surfaces of joints)
- this is not actually cartilage, it is deposition of PROTEINS.
POLIOMYELITIS
neurons of the anterior horn of the spinal cord which around for motor function of the body
Intracellular accumulation
- inside the cell
- reversible*
- do not damage the cells.
Reabsorption droplets (in renal proximal tubules)
there are disorders of the syndrome known as nephrotic syndromewhere there is dramatic loss of proteins in the kidneys- there is
increased permeability to the proteins so they are lost.
Mallory alcoholic hyaline (Mallory bodies)
- develops in alcoholics.
- protein accumulations found in the liver cells. (you can see dark droplets in the hepatocytes)
- reversible if people stop drinking before cirrhosis develops)
Russell bodies
-these accumulations are found in plasma cells, whose function is to produce antibodies.
-results in monoclonal tumors- the tumor is made of a set of
plasma cells which produce too many of the same antibodies
permanently (leukemia) (malignant tumor made of plasma cells- so they produce too much immunoglobunlins of one class)
-inclusions are immunoglobins within the cytoplasm of the plasma
cells.
-these bodies do not affect cell function
Dutcher bodies
- accumulation results in monoclonal tumors (plasma cells) also but thee inclusions are found in the nuclei of the cell. (immunoglobulins in nuclei)
- these bodies do no affect cell function.
Disorder characterized by accumulation of plasma cells
Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma
- tumor where Russell bodies or dutcher bodies are found
- due to over production of proteins
- they make blood thick (viscous) – known as HYPERVISCOSITY SYNDROME aka waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
multiple myeloma
-another disease associated with the bodies
-most common malignant bone tumor in adults – this is a
monoclonal tumor
Intercellular accumulation
- extracellular.
- means between the cells.
- deposition of hyaline in between the cells.
- this makes the problem very serious and absolutely IRREVERSIBLE*
Laminar infarction
-associated with the fact that there are hyaline changes within thesmall arterioles (small blood vessels)
-there is no more blood flow through the artery areas of
infarction (tissue necrosis) (the neurons are dead)
-loss of motor function.
Hyaline arteriolosclerosis
-deposition of hyaline substance in between the cells may changethe property of the tissue.
Hemorrhagic stroke
Amyloid
-is the generic term for a variety of proteinaceous materialsthat are abnormally deposited in tissue interstitium in a
spectrum of clinical disorders.
-pathologic proteins which is normally not prpduced in the body-produced when: chronic infection of the body, autoimmune
diseases (system lupus, ankylosing spndylosis, RA)
-leads to renal failure.
-deposited in:
Skin
Brain
Liver
Kidneys- most vulnerable.
Alternative metabolism
-when humans are injured, the cell is looking for so many different ways to survive.
-oxygen presence= production of ATP (oxidative phosphorylation) -hypoxia= no production of ATP. The cell doesn’t have enough
oxygen to form ATP, but the cell will look for other sources of ATP
Hypertrophy
cell or organ enlargement in response toincreased demands.
- example= Hypertension
- results in dramatic enlargement of the left vernicle.
Atrophy
-shrinking, due to decreased demands.
-the most common is (1) disuse atrophy: if you don’t use it, the body doesn’t spend energy maintaining it because the body thinks that
tissue is useless.
-the best example of disuse atrophy is osteoporosis- the tissue isn’t
strong enough.
Reasons why we get osteoporosis:
Laziness: absence of a load on the skeleton.
Darker the skin, the more protected people are against OP. more white= high chances of OP (most vulnerable= white
blonde ladies, least vulnerable= black ladies)
Skinny young ladies are more vulnerable (obese people
never develop OP)
Disuse atrophy and another atrophy associated with a
hormone imbalance: osteoclastic hormone is under controlof sexual hormones. Decreased hormones= increased
osteoclastic activity (this occurs in people who lose their
sexual organs.)
Most susceptible regions for osteoporosis
Ribs (broken ribs sharp break in pleurapneumothorax death)
Vertebrae
Femur neck
Wrists.
Mechanical pressure
-pressure atrophy
THINGS THAT CAN CAUSE THIS:
-(1) a tumor can cause this- it will compress the brain tissue and the
brain tissue will die.
-(2) stones- gall bladder stones.
-can also be kidney stones increase in hydrostatic pressure inside thespace and it compresses the normal tissue tissue atrophy.
-(3) aneurysm- outpouchings of the vessel wall (usually arteries)
-(4) high intensity sound
physical factor which physically compresses the tissue. Will result in alot of damage, especially if they are nerve endings
