Week 2 Flashcards
Chronic disease
serious, slow onset: lasts weeks, months, years-duration= more then 6 weeks
Local disease
the disease is confined to one region of the body.
Subacute disease
used rarely because of its inconvenience
- its hard to get an understanding of what this is.
- it lasts between 1 week and 6 weeks.
-sometimes it is built into the same of some disorders.
Systemic disease
the disease is considered SYSTEMIC if it involved other organs and systems.- affects more then one organ
Local damage
the one limited to one or more distance sites WITHIN a diseased organ.
Diffuse damage
uniformly distributed damage WITHIN a disease organ is considered as DIFFUSE.
Diagnosis
the identification of the patient’s specific disease
Prognosis
the prediction of a particular disease’s outcome
Causes of cell injury
- deficiency
- intoxication
- trauma
Deficiency
the lack of substance(s) necessary to the cell.
Two types of deficiency
Primary nutrient deficiency
Secondary nutrient deficiency
Primary nutrient deficiency
ack of the components in the food. (one component of the food is missing form thefood)
skin is damaged by DERMATITIS
CASAL NECKLACE- skin around the neck is very red.
Her skin is like this because she has absence of niacin-skin cracks and you develop infection of the skin
-PELLEGRA= lack of vit b3.
-BERIBERI= lack of B1
-SCURVY= lack of vit c
Intoxication (poisoning)
-the presence of a substance that interferes with cell function with bad consequences.
Two types of toxins
Exogenous toxins and Endogenous toxins
Exogenous toxins
toxins which come from outside our body
a) infection
-the food is infected. (with gram negative bacteria)-food poisoning death)
c) overdose of
some chemicals
-results in:
Poisoning of pupils (from non washed hands or food)(jaundice, hepatitis A- if you don’t wash your hands)
Botulism, salmonellosis, bacteriological weapon.
-many chemicals can result in intoxication
-interferes with cell function
-very serious in the USA
Endogenous toxins
toxins that are produced inside our bodies.
-produced in association with serious problems.
Alkaptonuria
-inability of the body to metabolize homogentisic acid (HA) (alkapton)
phenylalanine tyrosine
- due to lack of oxidase of homogentisic acid.
Ochronisis
Leads to degeneration of IVF
PHENYLKETONURIA
rare genetic disease.
-babies are born with an inability to produce the enzyme PH
-phenylalanine (phenylalanine hydroxylase= PH) tyrosine
-results in accumulation of:
phenylpyruvic acid
phenyllactic acid
phenylacetic acid
-the above are toxic substances which interfere with brain
development
-leads to mental development which leads to physical development -1/3 never walk, 1
Ionizing radiation
factor which can penetrate an atom and produce new chemical elements of the body.
-increases the amount of free radicals in the body
free radicals damage the cell membrane
leads to loss of function of the cell.
Gout
common disease
- affects males over 40 years old.
- uric acid salt is a normal metabolite from purine metabolism. This is normal
- Increased production of uric acid
- Decreased excretion of uric acid salts
- hyperuricosemia- uric acid in the blood
Gouty arthritis
the most painful arthritis in human pathology
-accumulated in 1st metatarsal phalangeal joint
-unilateral (asymmetrical) (we don’t know why)
-uric acid crystals are like needles which go into the joint space and the body recognizes it as foreign particles. The body tries to eliminate
these foreign particles
-phagocytic cells try to engulf the intruder. When cells ingest these
needles they die and the enzymes in the cells are released into
surroundings and irritate/ try to digest everything in the surrounding
including cell membrane
-inflammation is very high in this case. Joint is hot and pain is high.
-if not treated, results in destruction of bone
Three things associated with gout
Gouty arthritis
DEPOSITION OF URIC ACID SALTS INTO THE TISSUES
INVOLVEMENT OF THE KIDNEYS
DEPOSITION OF URIC ACID SALTS INTO THE TISSUES
picture: the fingers are very swollen
-(1) there is also deposition into the bones.
-uric acid salts are deposited into the cortical layer of the phalanxes
and it eats the bone. This bone becomes very thin. You get replacement of bones by uric acid salts.
-(2) into soft tissue: TOEHUS
-usually in the surface of the outer forarm
-you can also find this toehus on the
INVOLVEMENT OF THE KIDNEYS
most serious problem
- the first 2 are bad, but tis possible to survive.
- occurs after 15 years and the patient will die.
- this disease can be treated by following a good diet.
- promoted by eating: fried meat, fatty meat, drinking a
Trauma
loss of the cells structural integrity- physical injury
Direct contact with trauma
-results in physical injury-bruises
Hypothermia
exposure of tissue to low temperature.-ex. FROSTBITE
Hyperthermia
exposure of tissue to high temperature
(1) -FIRE
- burns lead to tissue damage
(2) -IONIZING RADIATION (also an exogenous toxin)
- source of increased movement of atom components of the electronand even of the neutrons.
- this creates the production of heat energy.
(3) -ELECTIC CURRENT
- this can happen to babies who are not being supervised.
- causes serious thermal injury of the fingers.
Acute disease
abrupt, sudden onset: within hours or one or two days-lasts a week or 10 days (duration) and subsides
-ex. Common cold
