Week 1

Question 1

Etiology (etilogical agent)

Answer 1

The cause of any disease
Know 1/4 of the cause of all the diseases
75% of diseases have no unknown etiology

Question 2

Influenza pneumonia

Etiology

Answer 2

Pneumonia is infectious inflammation of the lungs tissue.
Lungs become black and are also known as Black pneumonia.
Cause is flu virus
Etiology is the flu
Etiological agent is flu virus

Question 3

Acute cystitis

Etiology

Answer 3

Inflammation of the bladder wall
Etiology - e. Coli
Etiological agent - e. coli

Question 4

Idiopathic

Answer 4

When the cause(etiology) is unknown

Question 5

Ankylosing spondylitis

Ideology

Answer 5

Progressive spine disease. Inflammation of the spinal joints

No known etiology therefore called idiopathic ankylosing spondylitis

Question 6

DISH

Ideology

Answer 6

Associate with the formation of hyperostosis and there can be fusion in these areas
Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis aka forester’s disease
Ossification of ALL
Don’t adjust

Question 7

Categories of etiology

Answer 7

Congenital, acquired, genetic

Question 8

Congenital

Answer 8

etiology- when the genetic information is intact, but other factors in the embryo’sintra uterine environment interfere with normal development.

Question 9

Toxoplasma

Example of congenital

Answer 9

-babies are born without a lower leg. Its ankle was attached to the knee. When the
mother was pregnant she let her dog lick her face. If you are pregnant you have to becareful because domestic animals carry toxoplasma gondi which has terrible
teratogenic effect (makes abnormalities) (teratogenic means it affects the
developing embryo)

Question 10

Alcohol fetal syndrome

Example of congenital

Answer 10

changes in the body (anatomical/ physiological) associated with drinking alcohol before the pregnancy or during 1st trimester

Question 11

Thalidomide

Example of congenital

Answer 11

• when pregnant, do not take medications.
• this is a drug for suppression of sickness of the 1st trimester of pregnancy.
• they put it in the market without sufficient testing.
• people were born without extremities, with one eye, with more then 5 fingers.-thalidomide is on the market again for treatment of leukemia.

Question 12

Acquired

Answer 12

-whatever is not congenital or genetic is acquired

Question 13

Herpes zoster

Example of acquired

Answer 13

unilateral development of rashes

-aka SHINGLEs. It is the chicken pox virus-etiology= herpes zoster virus

Question 14

Emphysema

Example of acquired

Answer 14

the alveoli is very enlarged. There is dilation of the lungs and destruction of alveolar walls.
-etiology= smoking/ smoking fumes

Question 15

Brain abscess

Example of acquired

Answer 15

development of pus in the brain which leads to degeneration of the brain

• proteolytic enzymes eat the organic material (brain) around it
• these enzymes come from bacteria
• you can get this when you pop pimples. Pimples are inflammation of hair follicles.

Question 16

Genetic

Answer 16

etiology- when an individual’s genes are responsible for some structural or functional defect*

• there is a problem with the genes.
• there is no treatment at all

Question 17

Huntington’s disease

Example of genetic

Answer 17

atrophy of striatal nuclei AKA CHOREA. Problem with the CNS. There is serious damage. Chorea is jerky involuntary movements of
body’s muscles, predominantly facial muscles and muscles of extremities.
-this progresses and results in death.

Question 18

Down syndrome

Example of genetic

Answer 18

can not be prevented. They have problems with mental development.
-anatomical turrets, wide nose, wide teeth
-they are not very smart
-this is associated with aging of parents: older parents means there is a larger
chance of getting children with DS. There is no specific age limit.

Cystic

Question 19

Symptom

Answer 19

why the patient comes into the office to see you: what they tell you/ their
complaints
-the doctor is not able to verify these feelings
-subjective perception of the problem.
-these can not be repeated by anyone else, you have to ask them on their pain scale

Question 20

Sign

Answer 20

patient complains of pain and you find anterior displacement of the sacrum-all chiropractors can find the same thing

• objective finding
• reproducible
• ex. fever

Question 21

Syndrome

Answer 21

ombination of the signs and the symptoms
-the characteristic combination of signs and symptoms associated with a particular disease
-ex. Common cold: manifestations are the same (running nose, headaches etc.) it
doesn’t matter what the etiology is

Question 22

Raynaud’s syndrome

Answer 22

can be found in different diseases.
-vaso-spastic erections in the fingers toes and sometimes lips.
-means narrowing of the vessel lumen, associated with contraction of smooth
muscle cells during their relaxation.
-most common is the fingers: 1. first fingers look white when its vaso spasm of
arteries, 2. then the fingers turn blood when there’s vaso spasm of veins 3. Then is
the resolution of the problem. there is inflow of blood into the fingers and it changesthe colour of the fingers to red. (know: white blue r

Question 23

Sjogren’s syndrome

Answer 23

total dryness of the mucous surfaces due to destruction of exocrine glands.
-most common in middle age women.
-characterisitcs:**
-dryness of mouth= xerostomia. Because the salivary glands are destroyed . resultsin loss of teeth.
-dryness of eyes= xerophthalmia. Results in the loss of vision.
-inflammation of parotid glands= bilateral parotitis (their face looks like a
hamster/ also common in mumps)
-joint pain is not a characteristic of this

Question 24

Pathogenesis

Answer 24

based on symptoms and signs we need to understand what is going on.-we need to know pathology to do this.
-= pattern of development of the disease

Question 25

Pathology

Answer 25

Pathos (Greek) = suffering
Logos (Greek) = study
Study of suffering