Week 1 Flashcards
Etiology (etilogical agent)
The cause of any disease
Know 1/4 of the cause of all the diseases
75% of diseases have no unknown etiology
Influenza pneumonia
Etiology
Pneumonia is infectious inflammation of the lungs tissue.
Lungs become black and are also known as Black pneumonia.
Cause is flu virus
Etiology is the flu
Etiological agent is flu virus
Acute cystitis
Etiology
Inflammation of the bladder wall
Etiology - e. Coli
Etiological agent - e. coli
Idiopathic
When the cause(etiology) is unknown
Ankylosing spondylitis
Ideology
Progressive spine disease. Inflammation of the spinal joints
No known etiology therefore called idiopathic ankylosing spondylitis
DISH
Ideology
Associate with the formation of hyperostosis and there can be fusion in these areas
Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis aka forester’s disease
Ossification of ALL
Don’t adjust
Categories of etiology
Congenital, acquired, genetic
Congenital
etiology- when the genetic information is intact, but other factors in the embryo’sintra uterine environment interfere with normal development.
Toxoplasma
Example of congenital
-babies are born without a lower leg. Its ankle was attached to the knee. When the
mother was pregnant she let her dog lick her face. If you are pregnant you have to becareful because domestic animals carry toxoplasma gondi which has terrible
teratogenic effect (makes abnormalities) (teratogenic means it affects the
developing embryo)
Alcohol fetal syndrome
Example of congenital
changes in the body (anatomical/ physiological) associated with drinking alcohol before the pregnancy or during 1st trimester
Thalidomide
Example of congenital
- when pregnant, do not take medications.
- this is a drug for suppression of sickness of the 1st trimester of pregnancy.
- they put it in the market without sufficient testing.
- people were born without extremities, with one eye, with more then 5 fingers.-thalidomide is on the market again for treatment of leukemia.
Acquired
-whatever is not congenital or genetic is acquired
Herpes zoster
Example of acquired
unilateral development of rashes
-aka SHINGLEs. It is the chicken pox virus-etiology= herpes zoster virus
Emphysema
Example of acquired
the alveoli is very enlarged. There is dilation of the lungs and destruction of alveolar walls.
-etiology= smoking/ smoking fumes
Brain abscess
Example of acquired
development of pus in the brain which leads to degeneration of the brain
- proteolytic enzymes eat the organic material (brain) around it
- these enzymes come from bacteria
- you can get this when you pop pimples. Pimples are inflammation of hair follicles.
Genetic
etiology- when an individual’s genes are responsible for some structural or functional defect*
- there is a problem with the genes.
- there is no treatment at all
Huntington’s disease
Example of genetic
atrophy of striatal nuclei AKA CHOREA. Problem with the CNS. There is serious damage. Chorea is jerky involuntary movements of
body’s muscles, predominantly facial muscles and muscles of extremities.
-this progresses and results in death.
Down syndrome
Example of genetic
can not be prevented. They have problems with mental development.
-anatomical turrets, wide nose, wide teeth
-they are not very smart
-this is associated with aging of parents: older parents means there is a larger
chance of getting children with DS. There is no specific age limit.
Cystic
Symptom
why the patient comes into the office to see you: what they tell you/ their
complaints
-the doctor is not able to verify these feelings
-subjective perception of the problem.
-these can not be repeated by anyone else, you have to ask them on their pain scale
Sign
patient complains of pain and you find anterior displacement of the sacrum-all chiropractors can find the same thing
- objective finding
- reproducible
- ex. fever
Syndrome
ombination of the signs and the symptoms
-the characteristic combination of signs and symptoms associated with a particular disease
-ex. Common cold: manifestations are the same (running nose, headaches etc.) it
doesn’t matter what the etiology is
Raynaud’s syndrome
can be found in different diseases.
-vaso-spastic erections in the fingers toes and sometimes lips.
-means narrowing of the vessel lumen, associated with contraction of smooth
muscle cells during their relaxation.
-most common is the fingers: 1. first fingers look white when its vaso spasm of
arteries, 2. then the fingers turn blood when there’s vaso spasm of veins 3. Then is
the resolution of the problem. there is inflow of blood into the fingers and it changesthe colour of the fingers to red. (know: white blue r
Sjogren’s syndrome
total dryness of the mucous surfaces due to destruction of exocrine glands.
-most common in middle age women.
-characterisitcs:**
-dryness of mouth= xerostomia. Because the salivary glands are destroyed . resultsin loss of teeth.
-dryness of eyes= xerophthalmia. Results in the loss of vision.
-inflammation of parotid glands= bilateral parotitis (their face looks like a
hamster/ also common in mumps)
-joint pain is not a characteristic of this
Pathogenesis
based on symptoms and signs we need to understand what is going on.-we need to know pathology to do this.
-= pattern of development of the disease
Pathology
Pathos (Greek) = suffering
Logos (Greek) = study
Study of suffering
