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BIO 232 > Week 7 - Endocrine Talks > Flashcards

Week 7 - Endocrine Talks Flashcards

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1
Q

The Pancreas, Insulin, & Glucagon:

What are the major target tissues of insulin?

A
  1. Liver
  2. Adipose tissue
  3. muscle
  4. satiety center of hypothalamus
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2
Q

The Pancreas, Insulin, & Glucagon:

What happens to a glucose molecule once it enters the cell?

A

It is either used to make ATP
OR
can be stored as potential fuel for later
(glycogen, triglyceride, depending on cell stimulated)

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3
Q

The Pancreas, Insulin, & Glucagon:

Why can taking too much insulin be a problem?

A
  1. It can lead to hypoglycemia
  2. Insufficient fuel will be available leading to insulin shock
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4
Q

The Pancreas, Insulin, & Glucagon:

What is the major target organ of glucagon?

A

Liver

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5
Q

The Pancreas, Insulin, & Glucagon:

How does the ANS affect blood glucose levels?

A
  1. Sympathetic activity will increase blood sugar levels
  2. Parasympathetic will decrease it
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6
Q

The Pancreas, Insulin, & Glucagon:

Give a factor that increases insulin reaction

A
  1. Increased blood sugar due to eating
  2. GH action
  3. ACTH/cortisol action
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7
Q

The Pancreas, Insulin, & Glucagon:

What regulates the secretion of glucagon?

A

Alpha cells in the pancreas

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8
Q

The Pancreas, Insulin, & Glucagon:

Identify three functions of insulin

A
  1. increase glucose transport to cells
  2. conversion of glucose to glycogen (glycogenesis)
  3. decrease glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis)
  4. slow formation of new glucose (gluconeogenesis)
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9
Q

The Pancreas, Insulin, & Glucagon:

Identify three functions of glucagon

A
  1. breakdown glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis)
  2. increase conversion of other nutrients to glucose (gluconeogenesis)
  3. release glucose to blood from liver cells
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10
Q

The Pancreas, Insulin, & Glucagon:

What type of stimulus will stimulate the pancreas to begin insulin secretion?

a. hormonal
b. neural
c. humoral
d. all of the above

A

c. humoral (cells will secrete in response to change in concentration of glucose in blood)

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11
Q

The Pancreas, Insulin, & Glucagon:

Glucagon causes the breakdown of _____ and increase glucose synthesis in the ________.

a. sodium…kidneys
b. bile…pancreas
c. glycogen…liver
d. CSF…meninges
e. fatty acids…liver

A

c. glycogen…liver

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12
Q

The Pancreas, Insulin, & Glucagon:

When insulin activity is absent or deficient, blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because:

a. the pancreas did not receive the proper signal to disassemble the protein and fats
b. too much was eaten and the body does not have adequate enzymatic resources to handle the large quantities of food
c. the glucose from the meal is unable to enter most tissue cells
d. the body has a certain amount for each transaction and if too much sugar is eaten then there simply is not enough insulin

A

c. the glucose from the meal is unable to enter most tissue cells

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13
Q

Two Types of Diabetes:

What are some of the latest treatments for type 1 diabetes?

A

This will change over time, so do not memorize, but you could include:

  1. new forms of insulin
  2. insulin pump technology
  3. artificial pancreas (delivering both insulin/glucagon in balance)
  4. immune system based treatments examining antibody functions
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14
Q

Two Types of Diabetes:

List four S/S that someone might have who has not been diagnosed with diabetes but has it:

A
  1. Polyuria - frequent urination
  2. weight loss
  3. fatigue
  4. vomiting
  5. Polydipsia - Thirst
    Polyphagia - hunger
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15
Q

Two Types of Diabetes:

Give several causes for NIDDM

A
  1. family history
  2. genetic predisposition
  3. gestational diabetes
  4. ethnicity
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16
Q

Two Types of Diabetes:

What is the goal of treatment in both types of diabetes?

A

Control of blood sugar through:
1. treatment
2. diet
3. activity
4. or other lifestyle adjustments

17
Q

Two Types of Diabetes:

Why is it so important to maintain the goal of controlling blood sugar?

A

When uncontrolled diabetes leads to many complications and increased risk of dying

18
Q

Two Types of Diabetes:

What other ways do diabetics have to control their blood glucose levels besides taking insulin?

A
  1. exercise
  2. weight loss
  3. improving diet
  4. stress management
  5. improving sleep
  6. drinking water
19
Q

Two Types of Diabetes:

Compare and contrast Type I and Type II diabetes

A

Type I –
1. lack of production of insulin
2. caused by autoimmune response
3. early inset is common

Type II – related more to:
1. diet
2. exercise
3. family behavior/history

20
Q

DKA:

What is the ultimate cause of DKA?

A

Poorly controlled diabetes, or loss of regulation

21
Q

DKA:

What is the relationship between increased fat metabolism and hyperglycemia?

A

The body can breakdown fat to free up energy sources to make ATP in the instance where a lack of insulin makes it impossible to move enough glucose into cells to make ATP.

So, glucose will remain high, as the body attempts to mobilize fat

22
Q

DKA:

Why does a patient in DKA have a fruity-smelling breath?

A

Acetone

One of the ketones produced during DKA causes the fruity-smelling breath of DKA patients

23
Q

DKA:

What is glycosuria?
Why do diabetics have it?
What does it result in?

A
  1. Glucose in urine
  2. Since insulin is not available or the target cells are insensitive to it, there is an excess in the blood
  3. the kidney filters the blood and cannot reabsorb all this excess due to limitations in transport processes.
  4. So, glucose stays in the filtrate of the kidney as does the excess after and this makes its way to the bladder and becomes urine
24
Q

DKA:

What can cause an increase in protein catabolism in diabetics and explain the connection between increased glucose production and increased protein catabolism?
Next, explain the relationship of increased protein catabolism to osmotic diuresis.

A
  1. OSMOTIC DIURESIS can occur any time when there are solutes from the filtrate (thus the solute will remain in the filtrate and become urine and water will remain in the filtrate and become urine and water will remain behind in the urine pathway as well = polyuria
  2. IN DIABETES, the body tends to go after other nutrients to provide to the starving cells since glucose cannot enter properly. However, harvesting lipids from the triglycerides stored in fat, or amino acids used in proteins (protein catabolism) causes even more solutes to be in the blood and thus filtered at the kidney. This exacerbates osmotic diuresis.
25
Q

DKA:

What can osmotic diuresis lead to?

A

Dehydration

26
Q

DKA:

What factors ultimately lead to decreased serum pH?

A

Increased sugar and fat metabolism

27
Q

DKA:

What leads to decreased brain function and death?

A

Hyperglycemia

28
Q

DKA:

Which of the following classic symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis is characterized by excessive thirst?

a. polyuria
b. polydipsia
c. hypotonica
d. polyphagia
e. hyperpnea

A

b. polydipsia

29
Q

Complications of Diabetes:

What is the leading cause of blindness in the US?

A

Diabetes

30
Q

Complications of Diabetes:

Describe the progression of diabetic retinopathy:

A

MILD - non-prolific, causes aneurism where blood vessels break

MODERATE - non-prolific, blood vessels that nourish retina get blocked

SEVERE - many vessels are blocked, several areas lose blood supply triggering growth of vessels

PROLIFIC - triggers growth of more vessels, but normal in structure/function leading to macular edema, swelling, and blurred vision

31
Q

Complications of Diabetes:

What are some nerve problems that face diabetics?

A
  1. Diabetic neuropathy - leads to muscle weakness, pain in extremities, and impotence
  2. Foot Damage - from decreased blood flow and loss of sensation can lead to foot deformities, ulcers, and amputations due to gangrene infection
32
Q

Complications of Diabetes:

What problems are created by high blood sugar?

A
  1. Blood vessel damage
    2 Leading cause of blindness
  2. Retropy (black spots in visual field)
  3. Dental problems
  4. Dry skin
33
Q

Complications of Diabetes:

Why are diabetics more susceptible to developing gangrene?

A
  1. Less blood flow to the area due to atherosclerosis
  2. Less sensation
  3. inflammation
  4. But not feeling pain associated with damage or injury can lead to open wounds becoming infected
  5. Associated with high concentrations of nutrients for bacterial growth
34
Q

Complications of Diabetes:

What are some of the vascular changes that occur in diabetics at a faster rate than in the normal population?

A
  1. Macrovascular disease
  2. Microvascular disease
  3. Atherosclerosis
  4. Aneurysms
35
Q

Complications of Diabetes:

List and describe four complications of diabetes.

A
  1. DEHYDRATION - stimulates thirst centers of brain, leading to excessive thirst (polydipsia)
  2. EXCESS GLUCOSE filtered at the kidneys, leads to polyuria or the high volume as osmotic diuretic impacts of excess glucose cause bot the sugar and excess water to be lost. Thus the blood volume decreases and dehydration results
  3. GLUCOSE AVAILABLE IN BODY FLUIDS but not available in the cells. Cause cells to starve and turn to other nutrients such as fat and protein for fuel. Theses other fuels can be limited value since many metabolic cascades are interconnected and will remain limited by CHO metabolism problems. OVERALL, this leads to weight loss and constant hunger (polyphagia)
  4. KETOACIDOSIS leads to faster buildup of ketones and pH drops
36
Q

Complications of Diabetes:

Diabetic retinopathy occurs when there is:

a. cloudiness or dots cover the lens of the eye
b. damage to the blood vessels in the retina
c. there is increased fluid pressure inside the eye
d. a blunt blow to the back of the head
e. damage to the optic nerve

A

b. damage to the blood vessels in the retina

37
Q

Complications of Diabetes:

The F/F response involves all of the following except:

a. increased blood sugar
b. increased lipolysis
c. increased cardiac output
d. increased urine output
e. increased basal metabolic rate

A

d. increased urine output

38
Q

Complications of Diabetes:

Mr. M, who has proliferative diabetic retinopathy, was asked to volunteer for his son’s school carnival. Which of the following activities would be safest for his eye condition?

a. blowing up balloons for the dart time
b. testing the speed on the Swings of Terror
c. grilling the hot dogs on the BBQ

A

c. grilling the hotdogs on the BBQ

BIO 232 (63 decks)

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