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BIO 232 > Week 7-8 Study Guide > Flashcards

Week 7-8 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Blood is composed of

A
  1. Plasma. 55%
  2. Formed elements
    - Erythrocytes RBCs. 45%
    - Leukocytes - WBCs. bottom 2 = 1%
    - Platelets (cell fragments) (thrombicytes- clotting)
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2
Q

What is Hematocrit?

A

The percentage of Blood Volume that is RBCs

Normal range for:
Males = 47%
Females = 42%

+- 5 %

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3
Q

Formed Elements

A

RBCs
WBCs
Platelets

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4
Q

Characteristics of Blood

A
  1. Temp = 38 degrees celsius
  2. PH = 7.35-7.45
  3. Volume
    -males = 5-6 L
    -females = 4-5 L
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5
Q

Functions of Blood

A
  1. Delivery - oxygen nutrients
  2. Removal - metabolic waste CO2
  3. Transport (hormone)
  4. Regulation (temp - buffer = pH)
    water has high heat capacity, pH regulation
  5. Protection (platelets, WBCs)
    immune function
    blood clotting
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6
Q

Plasma = 90% water

A

Proteins mostly produced by the liver (solutes)
1. 60% Albumin (osm pressure)
2. 36% globulins (immunity)
3. 4% fibrinogen (clotting)

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7
Q

Plasma also holds

A
  1. Nitrogenous waste of metabolism - lactic acid, urea, creatinine
  2. Nutrients (glucose, CH, AA, Lipids,
  3. Electrolytes - Na+, K+, Ca2+, CL-, HCO3- (present in Intracellular fluid
  4. Respiratory gases - O2 & CO2
  5. Hormones
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8
Q

Formed Elements

A
  1. Only WBCs are complete cells
  2. RBCs no organelles
  3. Platelets = cell fragments (thrombocytes)
  4. most formed elements survive days - short-lived
  5. Most blood cells are made in bone marrow and amitotic (cannot repair or replace themselves)
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9
Q

Characteristics of Erythrocytes (RBCs)

A
  1. Biconcave (increased SA relative to Volume)
  2. anucleate (no nucleus)
  3. no organelles
  4. Hemoglobin

They do need mitochondria but make it aneorobically

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10
Q

Hemoglobin contains

A

4 proteins, 4 heme (iron) pigments (red)

Four O2 to every Hb

~280 million hB in one cell

~33% of cells weight

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11
Q

RBC structure and function

A

Biconcave shape - SA to V ratio

No Mitochondria - make ATP anaerobically

No self-repair - live ~120 days

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12
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

When oxygen binds to hemoglobin it is called oxyhemoglobin

Ruby Red (high O2)

Lungs - O2 gets picked up
Arteries goes all through the system until oxygen gets to delivered to the tissues

Then returns to heart

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13
Q

Deoxyhemoglobin

A

Blood has delivered oxygen
Veins -

Color is dark red (low O2)

Blood returns from capillaries of tissues
Back to the heart
Then pumped to the lungs

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14
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

What happens when Carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin

Carries 20% of Carbin dioxide in blood.

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15
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Formation of RBCs
Happens in the bone marrow

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16
Q

Kidney monitors change in oxygen delivery

A
  1. Low O2 –>
  2. kidney release enzyme POTEIN –>
  3. Renal erythropoietin factor (REF) (protein gets into the blood)
  4. REF converts plasma proteins into a hormone called erythropoietin will go to the bone marrow to stimulate –>
  5. RBC production
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17
Q

Carbon Monoxide - deadly

A
  1. Oxygen and Carbon dioxide combine to hemoglobin
  2. Carbon monoxide binds 200x more tightly, with greater affinity to hemoglobin than oxygen does
  3. Stronger and no smell

Oxygen binds and unbinds
Carbon monoxide binds and will not let go

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18
Q

Leukocytes make up how much of total blood volume?

A

< 1%

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19
Q

Function of Leukocytes

A
  • Diapedesis - cell crawling - movement

Phagocytosis - cellular eating

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20
Q

5 Leukocyte types, 2 categories

Have appearance of cytoplasm and nucleus

A

Granular - phils
1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils

Agranular - cytes
1. Lymphocytes
2. Monocytes

21
Q

Neutrophils

A
  1. Tissue damage
  2. Leave capillaries
  3. by diapedesis
  4. and phagocytic
22
Q

Eosinophils (all vowels)

A
  1. make antihistamine (undoes histamine-inflammation)
  2. Combat allergens
  3. leave capillaries (diapedesis)
  4. phagocytic

Take a dose of eosinophils to get a boost and fight allergens

23
Q

Basophils. (BHH)

A
  1. Produce heparin (prevents blood clotting)
  2. Histamine (inflammation chemical)
    (cause reactions to occur)
  3. Leave capillaries

Allergic Reaction

24
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Produces antibodies

T-cells = thymus
B-cells = bone marrow

25
Q

Monocytes

A

phagocytic cells

26
Q

Leukocytes (WBCs)

A
  1. less numerous than RBC
  2. Larger than RBCs
  3. Has Nucleus
  4. Combats (provides immunity)
  5. Shorter life - soldier hard worker
  6. Several kinds
    -neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes
  7. independent movement (diapedesis)
27
Q

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

A
  1. Huge numbers
  2. Smaller than WBCS (no nucleus)
  3. Anucleate (no nucleus)
  4. Carry Oxygen
  5. Lives 3-4 months
  6. one kind
  7. No independent movement
    (only moves because the heart pumps)
28
Q

Platelets - Thrombocytes

A

Not cells - they are cell fragments

  1. Large non-specialized cells in bone marrow that divide and divide and form MEGAKARYOCYTE
  2. when the megakaryocyte ruptures it becomes a HEMOCYTOBLASTS
    (important in blood clotting)
  3. Becomes a Thrombocyte
29
Q

Antigens are proteins/glycoproteins that are…

A
  1. cell markers that flag “I am one of your cells”
30
Q

Antibodies are made through

A

Immune action to attack and disable foreign antigens

In blood typing, there has to be a first exposure

31
Q

Transfusion reaction

A

interaction between foreign blood antigens and antibodies

32
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis

A

Treatable with the shot - RhoGam

Anti-RH (RH-) not normally present, unless first exposed

Father RH+
Mother Rh-
Baby is RH+. (second one mother reacts to the antibodies of the RH factor of the mother

33
Q

Anemia

A

too little RBCs

34
Q

Polycythemia

A

Too many RBCs

35
Q

5 types of Anemia

A
  1. hemorrhagic - blood loss
  2. aplastic - marrow problem
  3. pernicious - B12 deficiency
  4. Hemolytic - destruction
  5. Iron deficiency - dietary
36
Q

Hemorrhagic anemia

A

due to blood loss

37
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

due to lack of production of RBCs at the bone marrow

38
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

B12 deficiency. (no animal eating)

39
Q

Hemolytic anemia

A

due to RBCs undergoing too rapid of a breakdown

40
Q

Iron deficiency (form of anemia)

A

Lack of iron in diet

41
Q

Polycythemia conditions

A

increased number of RBCs

  1. Bone marrow cancer - high # but low function
  2. Blood doping. (increase hematocrit value to increase oxygen in blood

4.3-5.8 million

42
Q

Leukopenia

A

Abnormally low WBC count

could be drug-induced
Immune suppression
Organ transplant

43
Q

Leukopenias are forms of

A

Leukemia - high #of WBCs but functionality is low

  1. Cancerous conditions
  2. Incomplete, immature WBCs production
    - cannot clot
    -low oxygen delivery
    - cannot stop bleeding
    - infection
  3. Fatality - infection or internal hemorrhage (low platelet production

Death due to secondary infection or hemorrhage
low RBC production as well

44
Q

Leukocytosis

A

infection, WBC count is high

  1. Mononucleosis
    Viral
    Mono & Lymphocytes elevated
  2. Infection
    Elevated Neutrophils
45
Q

Blood clotting HOMEOSTASIS

A
  1. Vascular spasm
    platelets release prostaglandins
    –> vasoconstriction
  2. Platelet plug formation
    - negatively charged collagen attracts platelets containing myosin and actin
    - Bind & Contract
  3. Coagulation
    - damaged cells –> releasing thromboplastin interacts with clotting factors and calcium
    - plasma protein “Prothrombin” –> thrombin
    - Thrombin enzyme converts globular fibrinogen to insoluble stringy fibrin
    - Thrombin also causes fibrin to link together plugging the break
    - Fibrin reinforces platelet plug
46
Q

Thrombus

A

Blood clot that is stationary

47
Q

Embolus

A

Blood clot that is on the move

48
Q

Big issue of clots

A

Obstruction

try low dose aspirin
Heparin - anticoagulant
Warfarin AKA dicumeral

BIO 232 (63 decks)

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