Week 7-8 Study Guide Flashcards
Blood is composed of
- Plasma. 55%
- Formed elements
- Erythrocytes RBCs. 45%
- Leukocytes - WBCs. bottom 2 = 1%
- Platelets (cell fragments) (thrombicytes- clotting)
What is Hematocrit?
The percentage of Blood Volume that is RBCs
Normal range for:
Males = 47%
Females = 42%
+- 5 %
Formed Elements
RBCs
WBCs
Platelets
Characteristics of Blood
- Temp = 38 degrees celsius
- PH = 7.35-7.45
- Volume
-males = 5-6 L
-females = 4-5 L
Functions of Blood
- Delivery - oxygen nutrients
- Removal - metabolic waste CO2
- Transport (hormone)
- Regulation (temp - buffer = pH)
water has high heat capacity, pH regulation - Protection (platelets, WBCs)
immune function
blood clotting
Plasma = 90% water
Proteins mostly produced by the liver (solutes)
1. 60% Albumin (osm pressure)
2. 36% globulins (immunity)
3. 4% fibrinogen (clotting)
Plasma also holds
- Nitrogenous waste of metabolism - lactic acid, urea, creatinine
- Nutrients (glucose, CH, AA, Lipids,
- Electrolytes - Na+, K+, Ca2+, CL-, HCO3- (present in Intracellular fluid
- Respiratory gases - O2 & CO2
- Hormones
Formed Elements
- Only WBCs are complete cells
- RBCs no organelles
- Platelets = cell fragments (thrombocytes)
- most formed elements survive days - short-lived
- Most blood cells are made in bone marrow and amitotic (cannot repair or replace themselves)
Characteristics of Erythrocytes (RBCs)
- Biconcave (increased SA relative to Volume)
- anucleate (no nucleus)
- no organelles
- Hemoglobin
They do need mitochondria but make it aneorobically
Hemoglobin contains
4 proteins, 4 heme (iron) pigments (red)
Four O2 to every Hb
~280 million hB in one cell
~33% of cells weight
RBC structure and function
Biconcave shape - SA to V ratio
No Mitochondria - make ATP anaerobically
No self-repair - live ~120 days
Oxyhemoglobin
When oxygen binds to hemoglobin it is called oxyhemoglobin
Ruby Red (high O2)
Lungs - O2 gets picked up
Arteries goes all through the system until oxygen gets to delivered to the tissues
Then returns to heart
Deoxyhemoglobin
Blood has delivered oxygen
Veins -
Color is dark red (low O2)
Blood returns from capillaries of tissues
Back to the heart
Then pumped to the lungs
Carbaminohemoglobin
What happens when Carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin
Carries 20% of Carbin dioxide in blood.
Erythropoiesis
Formation of RBCs
Happens in the bone marrow
Kidney monitors change in oxygen delivery
- Low O2 –>
- kidney release enzyme POTEIN –>
- Renal erythropoietin factor (REF) (protein gets into the blood)
- REF converts plasma proteins into a hormone called erythropoietin will go to the bone marrow to stimulate –>
- RBC production
Carbon Monoxide - deadly
- Oxygen and Carbon dioxide combine to hemoglobin
- Carbon monoxide binds 200x more tightly, with greater affinity to hemoglobin than oxygen does
- Stronger and no smell
Oxygen binds and unbinds
Carbon monoxide binds and will not let go
Leukocytes make up how much of total blood volume?
< 1%
Function of Leukocytes
- Diapedesis - cell crawling - movement
Phagocytosis - cellular eating
5 Leukocyte types, 2 categories
Have appearance of cytoplasm and nucleus
Granular - phils
1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils
Agranular - cytes
1. Lymphocytes
2. Monocytes
Neutrophils
- Tissue damage
- Leave capillaries
- by diapedesis
- and phagocytic
Eosinophils (all vowels)
- make antihistamine (undoes histamine-inflammation)
- Combat allergens
- leave capillaries (diapedesis)
- phagocytic
Take a dose of eosinophils to get a boost and fight allergens
Basophils. (BHH)
- Produce heparin (prevents blood clotting)
- Histamine (inflammation chemical)
(cause reactions to occur) - Leave capillaries
Allergic Reaction
Lymphocytes
Produces antibodies
T-cells = thymus
B-cells = bone marrow
Monocytes
phagocytic cells
Leukocytes (WBCs)
- less numerous than RBC
- Larger than RBCs
- Has Nucleus
- Combats (provides immunity)
- Shorter life - soldier hard worker
- Several kinds
-neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes - independent movement (diapedesis)
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
- Huge numbers
- Smaller than WBCS (no nucleus)
- Anucleate (no nucleus)
- Carry Oxygen
- Lives 3-4 months
- one kind
- No independent movement
(only moves because the heart pumps)
Platelets - Thrombocytes
Not cells - they are cell fragments
- Large non-specialized cells in bone marrow that divide and divide and form MEGAKARYOCYTE
- when the megakaryocyte ruptures it becomes a HEMOCYTOBLASTS
(important in blood clotting) - Becomes a Thrombocyte
Antigens are proteins/glycoproteins that are…
- cell markers that flag “I am one of your cells”
Antibodies are made through
Immune action to attack and disable foreign antigens
In blood typing, there has to be a first exposure
Transfusion reaction
interaction between foreign blood antigens and antibodies
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Treatable with the shot - RhoGam
Anti-RH (RH-) not normally present, unless first exposed
Father RH+
Mother Rh-
Baby is RH+. (second one mother reacts to the antibodies of the RH factor of the mother
Anemia
too little RBCs
Polycythemia
Too many RBCs
5 types of Anemia
- hemorrhagic - blood loss
- aplastic - marrow problem
- pernicious - B12 deficiency
- Hemolytic - destruction
- Iron deficiency - dietary
Hemorrhagic anemia
due to blood loss
Aplastic anemia
due to lack of production of RBCs at the bone marrow
Pernicious anemia
B12 deficiency. (no animal eating)
Hemolytic anemia
due to RBCs undergoing too rapid of a breakdown
Iron deficiency (form of anemia)
Lack of iron in diet
Polycythemia conditions
increased number of RBCs
- Bone marrow cancer - high # but low function
- Blood doping. (increase hematocrit value to increase oxygen in blood
4.3-5.8 million
Leukopenia
Abnormally low WBC count
could be drug-induced
Immune suppression
Organ transplant
Leukopenias are forms of
Leukemia - high #of WBCs but functionality is low
- Cancerous conditions
- Incomplete, immature WBCs production
- cannot clot
-low oxygen delivery
- cannot stop bleeding
- infection - Fatality - infection or internal hemorrhage (low platelet production
Death due to secondary infection or hemorrhage
low RBC production as well
Leukocytosis
infection, WBC count is high
- Mononucleosis
Viral
Mono & Lymphocytes elevated - Infection
Elevated Neutrophils
Blood clotting HOMEOSTASIS
- Vascular spasm
platelets release prostaglandins
–> vasoconstriction - Platelet plug formation
- negatively charged collagen attracts platelets containing myosin and actin
- Bind & Contract - Coagulation
- damaged cells –> releasing thromboplastin interacts with clotting factors and calcium
- plasma protein “Prothrombin” –> thrombin
- Thrombin enzyme converts globular fibrinogen to insoluble stringy fibrin
- Thrombin also causes fibrin to link together plugging the break
- Fibrin reinforces platelet plug
Thrombus
Blood clot that is stationary
Embolus
Blood clot that is on the move
Big issue of clots
Obstruction
try low dose aspirin
Heparin - anticoagulant
Warfarin AKA dicumeral
