Week 4 - Quiz

Question 1

What trait(s) is or are associated with cones of the retina?

a. Cones do not converge.
b. Cones have small receptive fields.
c. Cones provide detailed vision.
d. Cones perform color vision.
e. All of these options are traits associated with cones.

Answer 1

e. All of these options are traits associated with cones.

Question 2

To assess visual acuity, what number in the equation represents the distance you as the patient must stand to observe standardized
detail?

a. Numerator (the top number).
b. Denominator (the bottom number).

Answer 2

a. Numerator (the top number).

Question 3

What term describes a response that is on the same side as the stimulus.

a. Contralateral.
b. Consensual.
c. Ipsilateral.
d. Decussating.

Answer 3

c. Ipsilateral.

Question 4

The left hemifield (visual field or field of view) projects to what tract?

a. Left optic tract.
b. Right optic tract.

Answer 4

b. Right optic tract.

Question 5

What sequence of signaling between the cells of the retina will allow signals to be sent to the brain?

a. Rods send excitatory postsynaptic potentials causing bipolar cells to send excitatory postsynaptic potentials allowing ganglion
cells to send action potentials through the optic nerve to the brain.

b. Rods send action potentials causing bipolar cells to send excitatory postsynaptic potentials leading to ganglion cells to send
action potentials through the optic nerve to the brain.

c. Rods stop sending inhibitory postsynaptic potentials causing bipolar cells to send excitatory postsynaptic potentials allowing
ganglion cells to send action potentials through the optic nerve to the brain.

d. Rods send inhibitory postsynaptic potentials causing bipolar cells to send excitatory postsynaptic potentials allowing ganglion
cells to send action potentials through the optic nerve to the brain.

Answer 5

c. Rods stop sending inhibitory postsynaptic potentials causing bipolar cells to send excitatory postsynaptic potentials allowing
ganglion cells to send action potentials through the optic nerve to the brain.

Question 6

Which form of visual adaptation takes longer? Though it is not in the question, can you explain why your answer is correct.

a. Dark adaptation as we go from light to dark.
b. Light adaptation as we go from dark to light.

Answer 6

a. Dark adaptation as we go from light to dark.

Question 7

What two structures create the blind spot in our visual field?

a. Pupil and iris.
b. Fovea centralis and optic disc.
c. Optic nerve and optic disc.
d. Lens and fovea centralis.
e. Fovea centralis and optic nerve.

Answer 7

c. Optic nerve and optic disc.

Question 8

Use page 20 of the PNS section of the packet as reference. Which branch of the nervous systems motor output only involves one neuron
to reach the target organs?

a. Somatic.
b. Parasympathetic.
c. Sympathetic.

Answer 8

a. Somatic.

Question 9

Which form of vision is associated with zonular ligaments becoming slackened (loose).

a. Distance vision.
b. Close vision.

Answer 9

a. close vision

Question 10

When a person is in complete darkness what is the shape (isomer form) of the visual pigment rhodopsin?

a. All-trans-retinal.
b. 11-cis-retinal.

Answer 10

b. 11-cis-retinal.

Question 11

The right nasal hemiretina receives visual input from what portion of the visual field (hemifield)?

a. From the most peripheral left hemifield.
b. From the most medial hemifield, both right and left.
c. From the most peripheral hemifield of both right and left.
d. From the most peripheral right hemifield.

Answer 11

d. From the most peripheral right hemifield.

Question 12

Identify the correct order of tunics of the eye from outer to innermost.

a. Vascular, fibrous, then sensory.
b. Fibrous, vascular, then sensory.
c. Sensory, fibrous, then vascular.
d. Sensory, vascular, then fibrous.
e. Fibrous, sensory, then vascular.

Answer 12

b. Fibrous, vascular, then sensory.

Question 13

Damage to the optic chiasm would lead to what form of visual loss.

a. Loss of the most medial field of vision.
b. Loss of the most peripheral field of vision.
c. Loss of the right hemifield (visual field).
d. Loss of the left hemifield (visual field).

Answer 13

b. Loss of the most peripheral field of vision.

Question 14

Which form of vision leads to greater eye fatigue?
a. Close vision.
b. Distance vision

Answer 14

a. Close vision.

Question 15

What is the alternate term of the vascular tunic?

a. Choroid.
b. Iris.
c. Palpebrae.
d. Uvea.
e. Ciliary body.

Answer 15

d. Uvea.

Question 16

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system facilitates pupil constriction?

a. Sympathetic nervous system.
b. Parasympathetic nervous system.

Answer 16

b. Parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 17

If a person is right eye blind what portion of the visual pathway is damaged?

a. The right optic tract.
b. The left optic tract.
c. The right optic nerve.
d. The optic chiasm.

Answer 17

c. The right optic nerve.

Question 18

When the rods are sending inhibitory postsynaptic potentials to bipolar cells what light condition is the individual being exposed to?

a. Low light.
b. Complete darkness.

Answer 18

b. Complete darkness.

Question 19

Which form of vision is associated with zonular ligaments becoming taught.

a. Close vision.
b. Distance vision.

Answer 19

b. Distance vision.

Question 20

If a person has visual acuity of 20/10, what interpretation is correct.

a. The person has worse than average vision because they must stand closer than average from a stimulus to see average detail.
b. The person has better than average vision because they can stand farther than average from a stimulus to see average detail.

Answer 20

b. The person has better than average vision because they can stand farther than average from a stimulus to see average detail.

Question 21

Identify the one characteristic that does not apply to Rods photoreceptors.

a. Functions in peripheral vision.
b. Aids in monochromatic (i.e., not color) vision.
c. Many rods innervate (connect) with a single bipolar cell which is convergent organization.
d. Provides indistinct detail of visual stimuli.
e. Located in high density in the fovea centralis.

Answer 21

e. Located in high density in the fovea centralis.

Question 22

Consider the process of phototransduction involving the second messenger system of rod cells. What is the specific name of the G
protein?

a. Transducin.
b. Phosphodiesterase.
c. Rhodopsin.
d. cyclic GMP (cGMP).

Answer 22

a. Transducin.

Question 23

Which form of vision requires muscle contraction of ciliary muscles?

a. Distance vision.
b. Close vision.

Answer 23

b. Close vision.

Question 24

What structure separates the anterior and posterior region of the human eye?

a. Cornea.
b. Lacrimal apparatus.
c. Palpebrae.
d. Lens.
e. Sclera.

Answer 24

d. Lens.

Question 25

If a person’s visual acuity is 20/20 does this mean their vision is perfect?

a. No because this means that they see the average level of detail as an assessed population at that distance.

b. Yes, because the 20/20 is equivalent to earning 100% on an assessment.

Answer 25

a. No because this means that they see the average level of detail as an assessed population at that distance.

Question 26

Use page 20 of the PNS section of the packet as reference. Which branch of the nervous system motor output only involves one form of
receptor (nicotinic specifically)?

a. Somatic.
b. Parasympathetic.
c. Sympathetic.

Answer 26

a. Somatic.

Question 27

What is the job of phosphodiesterase (PDE) in the process of phototransduction in the rods?

a. PDE converts cyclic GMP (cGMP) into GMP causing the membrane channel to close.

b. PDE opens the membrane channel leading to hyperpolarization of the rod.

c. PDE converts rhodopsin from the cis isomer form to the trans isomer form.

Answer 27

a. PDE converts cyclic GMP (cGMP) into GMP causing the membrane channel to close.

Question 28

How is the sclera modified at the anterior of the eye?

a. The iris is the anterior region of the sclera and is a colored ring of tissue creating eye color and surrounding the pupil.

b. The lens is the anterior region of sclera and allowed to change shape for close or distant vision.

c. The ciliary body is the anterior region of the sclera and is a ring of muscle that alters the shape of the lens.

d. The cornea is the anterior region of sclera, and it is clear by having collagen organized in parallel and dehydrated with a sodium pump.

Answer 28

d. The cornea is the anterior region of sclera, and it is clear by having collagen organized in parallel and dehydrated with a sodium pump.

Question 29

What is the structure containing the receptors associated with the pupillary reflex?

a. Optic nerve.
b. Oculomotor nerve.
c. Retina.

Answer 29

c. Retina.

Question 30

A clinician elicits a pupillary reflex and both eyes respond although only one eye was stimulated with a pen light. What statement best
summarizes this response of both eyes?

a. The response is both ipsilateral and contralateral because crossover occurs.

b. The response involves crossover (decussation) of information only.

c. The response involves a contralateral component only.

d. The response is ipsilateral only.

Answer 30

a. The response is both ipsilateral and contralateral because crossover occurs.