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BIO 232 > Week 6 - Study Guide - Part 2 > Flashcards

Week 6 - Study Guide - Part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

The pea-sized Pituitary is AKA?

A

Hypophysis

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2
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

Underneath the brain

Hypophysis
hypo - below
-physis - physically connected to the hypothalamus

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3
Q

The pituitary gland (hypophysis) is split into two lobes called -

A
  1. Anterior pituitary (Adenohypohysis
  2. Posterior pituitary (Neurohypophysis
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4
Q

How many hormones total does the Pituitary gland produce?

A

Total = 9 hormones

Anterior = 7
Posterior = 2

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5
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary is considered a true endocrine gland?

A

the Anterior Pituitary Gland (adenohypophysis)

Produces 7 hormones

It is glandular tissue - meaning -
it makes its own hormones - so it is a true endocrine gland

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6
Q

Posterior Pituitary has 2 hormones and produces them where?

A
  1. Oxytocin & ADH
  2. Hormones produced in hypothalamus and transported via a nerve cell to the pituitary gland
  3. is physically connected to the anterior region called the Neurophysis.
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7
Q

Hypothalamus is not only important in the nervous system but also in what other system?

A

Endocrine system

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8
Q

Where is Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) (the Prohormone) made?

A

POMC is a large precursor molecule of the anterior pituitary

Can be converted into other hormones

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9
Q

POMC can be broken into 3 other new products:

A
  1. ACTH - AdrenoCorticTropic Hormone
    (hormone that travels to the adrenal cortex gland)
  2. Two natural opiates (painkillers) - enkephaline & beta-endorphin
  3. Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
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10
Q

Anterior Pituitary Hormones have how many distinct hormones?

A

7 distinct

2 are prohormone
4 are tropic

Prolactin & Growth Hormone are neither

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11
Q

Name the prohormones
(causes secretion of something else)

A
  1. ACTH - AdrenoCorticoTropic Hormone
  2. MSH - Melanocyte stimulating hormone
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12
Q

Name the tropic hormones
(gets released and goes to target cell)
(affects activity of other endocrine glands)

A
  1. TSH - Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (or thyrotropin)
  2. ACTH - AdrenoCorticoTropic Hormone
  3. FSH - Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
  4. LH - Luteinizing Hormone
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13
Q

Which Anterior Pituitary hormone is both tropic and prohormone origin?

A

ACTH - AdrenoCorticoTropic Hormone

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14
Q

Name the other two hormones of the Anterior pituitary that are neither prohormone or tropic

A
  1. GH - Growth Hormone
  2. PRL - PRoLactin
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15
Q

Characteristics of Anterior Pituitary Hormones —

(surface receptor)

A
  1. All have 2nd messenger system
  2. tropic hormones
  3. prohormones
  4. Protein-based (Amino acid based)
  5. Regulated by releasing or inhibiting factors
  6. Hypothalamus is the true master gland - the puppeteer- pulling the strings for the release of all these hormones from the anterior pituitary
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16
Q

What is the Goldi Locks rule in Endocrine (Health & Disease)?

A
  1. too much hormone = disease
  2. just right hormone = health
  3. too little hormone = disease
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17
Q

Hypothalamus hormones travel through a delivery system to the anterior pituitary in a circulatory organization known as the

A

Portal System

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18
Q

Why the Portal System?

Negative feedback allows control

A

SHORTCUT. - pathway of less travel

  1. The hypothalamus produces - releasing hormones-
  2. will descend into the portal circuit
  3. released into the capillary bed in the portal circuit
  4. and travel down in this portal system
  5. to the anterior pituitary
  6. in that pituitary there is a 2nd capillary bed

LONG WAY

If you did not have this short cut - you would need to release a hormone from the hypothalamus
1. it would go back to your heart
2. out to lungs
3. back to heart
4. up to brain
5. and find its way to the anterior pituitary

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19
Q

Two other names for Anterior Pituitary Gland

A
  1. Adenohypohysis
  2. glandular undergrowth
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20
Q

Growth Hormone is released by

A

Anterior Pituitary

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21
Q

Growth hormone gets released and causes stimulation of…

A
  1. bone and muscle growth (mostly)
  2. and most cells.
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22
Q

ROLE - Hypothalamus secretes a releasing hormone

A
  1. GHRH - Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone
  2. GHIH - somatostatin (inhibitory)
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23
Q

The releasing hormone (GHRH) is important because to tells the anterior pituitary to ….

A
  1. To release Growth Hormone
  2. which causes stimulation of bone growth and muscle growth
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24
Q

How does Growth Hormone (GH) cause stimulation of growth?

A

It is going to stimulate protein synthesis and fat mobilization

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25
Q

Why Protein Synthesis?

A

Protein synthesis is about building and increasing structures

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26
Q

Why Fat Mobilization

A

If you are growing - how expensive is that?
Going to need energy and resources to drive the growing functions

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27
Q

What are the two pathways that GH growth hormones act on?

A
  1. Indirect
    (Growth promoting side)
    (Growth side)
  2. Direct
    (Metabolic in Nature)
    (Anti-insulin)
    (Energetic Side)
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28
Q

What is the indirect pathway of GH?

A
  1. It goes to the liver and other tissues
  2. Causes the release of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)

Think about what insulin does -
1. hormone causes uptake of nutrients in the cells.
2. Helps put sugar into the cells

Why would you do that?
~SKELETAL:
If you are stimulating skeletal structures to grow and develop - they will need nutrients.
~It will allow the formation of cartilage and skeletal growth

~EXTRASKELETAL
~Increased protein synthesis, cell growth, and proliferation

Most of what the GH does is about those insulin-like growth factors (IGFs).
Hoping to make muscle grow bigger and stronger.
Helping the skeletal system grow as well.

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29
Q

What is the Direct pathway of GH?

A
  1. Going to need Fat mobilization
  2. Break it down out of the fat stores
  3. and release it into the bloodstream
  4. Break down CHO
  5. Release into the bloodstream

Why is it Anti-insulin?
~insulin is about storing nutrients
~Anti-insulin is about RELEASING nutrients (Keeping blood sugar high)

SO- the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are going to cause the tissues to take up these nutrients so the tissue can grow

Anti-insulin effect is moving storage of nutrients out of the fat/CHO store and delivers to other tissues to be able to undergo growth and development

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30
Q

Insulin and anti-insulin
relationship with sugar

A

Insulin - helps put sugar into the cell

Anti-insulin - helps keep blood sugar high

31
Q

What is secreted that inhibits GH?

A

GHIH - Somatostatin

32
Q

Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone (GH) in children

A

Gigantism

Epiphyseal plates open
~Lengthwise growth - interstitial bone growth

Possible to also experience Acromegaly in adulthood
(Andre the Giant - Princess Bride)

Possibility of losing peripheral vision due to tumor pinching and damaging the optic nerve at the optic chiasm

33
Q

Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone (GH) in Adults

A

Acromegaly

~Bones get thicker - Appositional growth
~Big head
~Big Hands

34
Q

Hyposecretion of Growth Hormone (GH) in children

A

Pituitary Dwarfism

Epiphyseal plates are open but no growth because there is a low secretion of growth hormone.

Just small - no other deficits

35
Q

Hyposecretion of Growth Hormone (GH) in Adults

A

Simmond’s Disease

~wasting disease
~lack of muscle mass
~bones starting to break down
~rapid aging (no mitosis of the cells)

36
Q

Why is gigantism often associated with loss of peripheral vision?
(tunnel vision)

A
  1. A tumor associated with the pituitary gland (near Turkish saddle)
  2. Tumor can grow and grow
  3. Pinch and damage the optic nerve at the Optic Chiasm.

So they not only suffer from hormone problems but also the possibility of vision problems

37
Q

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is coming from …

A
  1. Anterior Pituitary
  2. Travels through the blood
  3. to the thyroid gland in the neck
38
Q

If it is a releasing hormone, we are talking about it coming from where?

A

hypothalamus

39
Q

The regulation of the release of Thyrotropin (TSH) is coming from?

A

the hypothalamus

40
Q

Thyrotropin (TSH) stimulates the normal development and secretory of the

A

thyroid

41
Q

Thyroid Releasing Factor …

A
  1. Hypothalamus sends out THR (thyrotropin-releasing hormone)
  2. TRH travels to the anterior pituitary
  3. causes the release of TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone aka thyrotropin)
  4. which will go out to the thyroid gland
  5. causing the release of thyroid hormones (T3 & T4) to target cells
  6. to stimulate or inhibit
  7. When there is adequate amount of TSH - don’t need more - negative feedback gets involved -
42
Q

Regulation of TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone) release -

stimulation
inhibition

A

Stimulation = TRH (thyrotropin Releasing hormone) (Thyroid hormone)

Inhibition = thyroid hormones (T3, T4)
2 impacts

43
Q

What hormone causes the release of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex?

A

ACTH
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

comes from the cortex of the adrenal gland

steroid-based hormone

44
Q

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone is AKA ?

A

Corticotropin

45
Q

Regulation of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) release -

A

Hypothalamus releases a releasing hormone called (CRH) corticotropin hormone) in a daily rhythm

Also for fever, hypoglycemia, stress, F/F

to a portal system

Causes release of get up and go
deal with stress
get up in the morning

46
Q

Two hormones from the anterior pituitary gland that stimulate the reproductive organs…

A
  1. FSH - Follicle stimulating hormone
  2. LH Luteinizing
47
Q

FSH stimulates…

A

gamete production
(egg or sperm)

testosterone
estrogen

48
Q

LH stimulates different things depending in gender…

A

Women -
1. Ovulation - release of an egg
2. formation of a new hormone secretory structure called the CORPUS LUTEUM (produces ovarian cycle)

Men -
1. Sperm Production

Progesterone

Both absent in prepuberty

49
Q

Regulation of Gonadotropin Release …

A
  1. Hypothalamus releases (GnRH) Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
  2. To the Anterior pituitary
    which releases FSH and LH.
  3. two pathways depending on gender
  4. Testes - Testoreone
  5. Ovaries - Estrogen and Progesterone

Does have negative feedback

50
Q

Prolactin (PRL) comes from the

A

Anterior Pituitary gland

51
Q

PRL - Prolactin stimulates

A

Milk production

52
Q

What stimulates the release of PRL - prolactin?

A

suckling of the baby stimulates the release of PRL - prolactin which helps maintain milk production

53
Q

If men have Hypersecretion of PRL…

A

reduced sexual drive
infertility
low testosterone
erectile dysfunction

54
Q

If men have Hyposecretion of PRL…

A

sexual disorders
psychological fluctuations

55
Q

Hormonal regulation of PRL via hypothalamus…

A

Prolactin release - enhancement of those from the estrogen levels

Hypothalamus
Dopamine inhibitory hormone
Stimulatory factors and enhancement from estrogen get the pituitary to release Prolactin (PRL)

56
Q

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) released from

A

Anterior Pituitary Gland

57
Q

Jobs of the Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

A
  1. Stimulates the melanocytes to produce and deposit melanin in the skin.
  2. hormonal control of energy balance (appetite control)

ACTS as CNS NT involved in Appetite Control

For skin pigmentation and protection from UV

Tissues and hormones being produced. that help regulate when and how we intake food - when hungry, when full

58
Q

Posterior pituitary AKA

A
  1. Neurohypophysis
  2. Neural undergrowth

AND -
are amino acid-based
rely on 2nd messenger systems

59
Q

Posterior pituitary has relationship with neurons that produce these two hormones in the hypothalamus and are stored in the axon terminals that extend into the pituitary

A
  1. ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
  2. Oxytocin
60
Q

How are ADH and Oxytocin made, stored, and released

A
  1. Hormones are made by the cell bodies of neurons in the hypothalamus
  2. Hormones sent down the axon to the axon terminals in the posterior pituitary

When a stimulus comes in:
3. nervous signal stimulates the release (not chemical) of the hormone that comes from the posterior pituitary
4. gets to the axon terminal
5. causes the hormones to be released into the blood stream
6. Relies on a 2nd messenger system

Interconnectin between nervous system action and endocrine action.

61
Q

Two Posterior pituitary hormones to know

A
  1. ADH - Antidiuretic hormone (aka vasopressin)
  2. Oxytocin
62
Q

Another name for ADH - Antidiuretic Hormone

A

Vasopressin

63
Q

When is ADH really important?

A

When we start to become dehydrated

64
Q

Homeostasis mechanism of ADH

A
  1. Initial stimulus - dehydration - loss of water
    Solute levels in the body fluids is too high and there is not sufficient body water.
    Which tends to mean that you also have blood pressure that is falling
  2. Hypothalamus stimulates the posterior pituitary gland to secrete ADH
  3. causing vasopressin (vasoconstriction) out in the periphery - helping to push blood away from the periphery to the core.
  4. ADH travels from the posterior pituitary–> through the bloodstream –> to the kidney
  5. At the kidney - reaches the nephron - which helps retain water
    Meaning - the kidneys filter blood, create urine, retain water instead of peeing it out and put it back into the bloodstream
  6. Resulting in blood volume and blood pressure to increase because you. are holding onto more water
  7. And because of the vasoconstriction - it allows the body to continue to have more blood supply
  8. So - instead of being too dehydrated - you start to come back to a more normal concentration
  9. Receptros in hypothalamus detect this increase in blood volume
  10. signal for ADH secretion to slow down
65
Q

What measures the blood solute?

A

Hypothalamus

66
Q

What is the function of ADH (antidiuretic hormone aka vasopressin)?

A
  1. increases water retention at kidneys
  2. Arteriole vasoconstriction
67
Q

What condition can you develop due to Hyposecretion of ADH?

A

Diabetes Insipidus

Usually due to head trauma - concussion

68
Q

Diuretic makes you

A

urinate more

69
Q

Antidiuretic makes you

A

urinate less

70
Q

Why are you urinating more in diabetes insipidus?

A

urinating more
becoming more dehydrated

  1. You are holding onto less water
  2. so more goes out in the urine
  3. leads to greater risk of dehydration
71
Q

Symptoms of Diabetes insipidus include…

A

looks like diabetes mellitus
- Extra solutes - urinate out - reclaim solute - water goes with it
Glucose - Water - urine –> polyuria (a lot of urine)

Head trauma -
Too little ADH causes you to urinate more
Causing a greater risk of dehydration

Signal goes to the hypothalamus - so the cause starts there

72
Q

What does Oxytocin (hormone of the posterior pituitary) do?

A
  1. stimulates uterine contractions during labor (positive feedback loop)
  2. triggers milk ejection (letdown reflex) during nursing
    3.
73
Q

Clinically you can use a synthetic form of oxytocin to help in both

A
  1. inducing labor
  2. stopping postpartum bleeding
74
Q

When thinking of hormonal imbalances - think of these three imbalances:

A
  1. imbalance in production
  2. imbalance of removal
  3. imbalance in regulatory hormones

BIO 232 (63 decks)

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