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BIO 232 > Week 6 - Study Guide - Part 1 > Flashcards

Week 6 - Study Guide - Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Nervous and endocrine systems:
what kind of systems?

A

Both are control systems:
Help to regulate and coordinate the body processes

But are not the same

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2
Q

Differences in Nervous and Endocrine

A

Nervous is Fast and ends suddenly

Endocrine is slow but long-lasting

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3
Q

Hormone producers are:

A

specific glands and some organs

The pancreas and gonads have both endocrine and exocrine function

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4
Q

Endocrine means you are releasing

A

releasing the substance into the bloodstream

Pancreas

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5
Q

Exocrine means production

A

production of something that goes into a hollow tube.

Gonads

example: digestive system, urinary, respiratory, reproductive

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6
Q

Tissues can release their own hormones

A

adipose tissue
intestines
stoach
kidneys
heart

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7
Q

What is the Master Gland

A

the Hypothalamus

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8
Q

What gland is homeostasis central?

A

Hypothalamus
Tons of neural and endocrine influence

  1. Does nervous system function
  2. Also aids in a lot of endocrine function
  3. It is the interconnection between regulatory systems
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9
Q

Endocrine - means -

A
  1. you are releasing the substance into the bloodstream
  2. blood has to pump around the body
  3. The reactions at the body tissue are varied and complete
  4. Process is long term
  5. Slower regulation
  6. But has long-lasting impacts
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10
Q

Exocrine - means -

A

Production of something that goes into a hollow tube.

AND - very quick and ends suddenly

EX - digestive, urinary, respiratory, and reproductive systems

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11
Q

What Tissues release their own hormones?

A
  1. Adipose
  2. Intestines
  3. Stomach,
  4. Kidneys
  5. Heart
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12
Q

What is the master gland?

A

Hypothalamus

Homeostasis central
Neural and endocrine functions

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13
Q

Somatostatin inhibits -

A

GH
TSH

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14
Q

Vasopressin AKA -

A

Antidiuretic Hormone

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15
Q

Hormone Mechanisms include:

Change Membrane Permeability - meaning

A
  1. A hormone could bind to a receptor
  2. and Cause the permeability or potential of that cell to change

Potential = Action Potentials
1. Gate opens or closes
2. Depolarization
3. Substance entering or leaving
4. Permeability changes

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16
Q

Hormone Mechanisms include:

Stimulate molecule synthesis -

A
  1. to influence the metabolic activity of the cell by causing protein synthesis of molecules
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17
Q

Hormone Mechanisms include:

Activate/deactivate enzymes -

A
  1. To have deactivation or activation of enzymes associated with the cell membrane.
  2. If you change the behavior of an enzyme (increase or decrease) you will change the action of that cell.
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18
Q

Hormone Mechanisms include:

Induce secretory activity

A

Cause the cell to produce new chemicals.

  1. Hormone comes in
  2. binds to receptor
  3. causing the cell with that receptor to start secreting something new
  4. it may be a cascade effect
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19
Q

Hormone Mechanisms include:

Stimulate Mitosis

A

(Growth and Development)
(Growth Hormone)

20
Q

Specificity Matters anytime you have a receptor–

A
  1. Receptor
  2. It needs to be specific to the signal being sent out

LOCK and KEY

  1. Receptors are proteins
  2. Proteins have one shape
  3. One job
  4. so when a hormone is released
  5. and binds to a receptor
  6. It means that the target cell is specific
21
Q

Insulin helps regulate what kind of metabolism?

A

Cellular metabolisms

Where we store our energy
When we store it

22
Q

Hormone ACTH released from the pituitary gland reacts with –>

A

certain cells of ADRENAL CORTEX ONLY

23
Q

Target Cell Behavior:
Target cells have specificity

Activation depends on

A
  1. Concentration of hormones in the blood.
  2. Number of receptors - do we have enough receptors for the hormone and the correct receptors for the hormone?
  3. Affinity receptor-hormone -
    how much affinity the hormone has for a given receptor
24
Q

Target Cell Behavior:

Two influences at the target cell can be…

A

Up or Down regulation
(Where the number of hormone receptors increase or decrease.)

25
Q

Up-Regulation

A

The hormone will increase the number of receptors available.

Meaning - you can increase the sensitivity of the target cell to that given hormone

26
Q

Down-Regulation

A

Hormone gets sent out but, over time, the body stops responding - in part because the receptor numbers are going down and down.

27
Q

Example of Down-Regulation

Diabetes Type 2

A

Person may have normal insulin l evels or even high insulin - BUT-

-It is as if the body has stopped responding.
-Amount of hormone may be normal or high, but receptors themselves are not listening.

28
Q

Example of Down-Regulation

Menopause

A

Body is still releasing certain types of hormones
But cells stop responding

29
Q

Up-regulation

A
  1. Hormone comes into the cell
  2. Causing cell to synthesize more receptors
  3. New receptor added to plasma membrane
  4. Now there are more receptors and more sensors to the hormone
30
Q

Down-regulation

A
  1. Hormone binds to receptor
  2. Receptor removed from plasma membrane
  3. Receptor is internalized and degraded
31
Q

What organ is breaking down

What organ is filtering

A

Liver is breaking down

Kidneys are filtering

32
Q

A concentration of hormones reflects…

A
  1. Rate of Release
    How much you produce (Rate of Release)
  2. Speed of inactivation (at the liver) & Removal (at the kidneys)
    How much you inactivate or remove
33
Q

Inactivation means

A
  1. An enzyme comes along and breaks down the hormone.
  2. Once broken down, it is gone.
  3. It does not impact the activity of the cell
34
Q

Removal of stuff…

A

Kidneys are good at removing nasty things

Liver will break things down, detoxify, and send out into the bloodstream to them be filtered by the kidneys

35
Q

Two main classes of Hormones (chemically)

A
  1. Amino Acid based (protein-based)
  2. Steroids (cholesterol-based) (lipid-based)
36
Q

Amino acids (protein-based) - hormones Involve -

A

Involve 2nd messengers

Amines
thyroxine
peptides
proteins

37
Q

Steroids - cholesterol (lipid-based) hormones - Involve -

A
  1. Intracellular receptors
  2. Act on genes directly

Gonadal
Adrenocortical

38
Q

Hormones circulate free or bound -

A
  1. Steroids & Thyroid hormones attach to plasma proteins
  2. Rest circulate without carriers
39
Q

How do Lipid-based hormones and thyroid hormones (Amino acid-base) travel

A
  1. They require a chaperone.
  2. A carrier protein that helps grab onto a hormone
  3. Because it does not get along with water
  4. Steroids are lipid-based - non polar (water is polar) - ton of water in body
  5. not going to wor well within the body
  6. However - if we have a carrier protein -
  7. it can bind to the steroid or thyroid hormone
  8. through the target cell
  9. Then the hormone can detach
  10. and go into the target cell
40
Q

Hormones that circulate free are everything EXCEPT steroid or thyroid hormones

A
  1. these - everything else - can flow around on its own without a carrier
  2. Because - it gets along well with water
  3. why it is called a water-soluble hormone
41
Q

Which form of hormone is slow-acting

A

Lipid-Soluble hormone
(Steroid)

  1. Hormone bypasses the plasma membrane
  2. Binds to an intracellular receptor (intranuclear receptor aka)
  3. That influences the expression of specific genes in the DNA
  4. DNA builds the mRNA
  5. mRNA gets used to build a protein - (Protein synthesis)
42
Q

Which form of hormone is Fast-acting

A

Water-Soluble Hormone
Protein based hormone
Amino Acid based

  1. hormone binds to a surface receptor on the plasma membrane (G-protein)
  2. Which will cause the activation of an enzyme
  3. Depicting an enzyme -
  4. ATP helps create a 2nd messenger (cyclic molecule is always the 2nd messenger)
  5. this cyclic molecule will have whatever specific effect it has on the cell function
    (EFFECT on CELL FUNCTION)
43
Q

Water Soluble Hormones
ACTIONS

A

FAST ACTING
1. no entrance.
2. Bind to receptor
3. 2nd messenger system (big reactions from this)

  1. Fast acting -

due to 2nd messenger - subject to signal amplification - do not need a lot of hormone because of this signal amplification

BIG REACTIONS

44
Q

Signal Amplification

A
  1. one hormone binds to one receptor
  2. Activates more than one G-protein
  3. Activates enzymes
  4. these multiple enzymes can act on many cyclic molecules creating a lot of cAMPs (2nd messengers)
  5. Those cyclic molecules go off and do even more of whatever their action is
  6. A bunch of reactions happening
45
Q

Lipid Hormone Cells
ACTIONS

A

SLOW - ACTING
1. Enter the cell (pass through the membrane)
2. Bind to the intercellular (intranuclear) receptors
3. Activate the specific gene sequences inside the cell -
4. DNA will allow specific production of mRNA
5. Protein synthesis will occur (increasing or decreasing synthesis - depending on the specific hormone and receptor type)

46
Q

Are enzymes reusable?

A

Yes

47
Q

If a hormone binds to a receptor (does not enter a cell) on the target cell, which of the following deductions would be appropriate for this hormone?

A. it is lipid-soluble
B. it is polar charged
C. It changes the rate of expression of specific genes
D. It relies on a 2nd messenger system
E. Fast acting
F. Slow acting
G. Signal amplification

A

b. It is polar charged
d. It relies on a 2nd messenger system
e. Fast acting
g. Signal amplification

BIO 232 (63 decks)

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