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BIO 232 > Week 2 - Study Guide > Flashcards

Week 2 - Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of fibers (a bunch of axons)
OUTSIDE THE CNS

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2
Q

Tracts

A
  1. Bundles of fibers (a bunch of axons)
    IN THE CNS
  2. Ascending - sensory in to CNS
  3. Descending - CNS to motor output
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3
Q

Ganglia

A
  1. Nerve cell bodies in PNS
  2. Around the spinal cord
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4
Q

Nuclei

A
  1. Nerve cell bodies in CNS
  2. in core of brain
  3. Processing information
  4. Surrounded by white matter
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5
Q

White Matter

A
  1. Axons
  2. Cable connecting all processors of white
  3. Myelinated axons or dendrites
  4. Deeper in brain
  5. Cable connecting parts
  6. Also called Tracts
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6
Q

Corpus Callosum

A
  1. Connects R & L hemispheres
  2. Projection pathways allowing the cortex to send motor outputs towards the spinal cord to PNS
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7
Q

Gray Matter

A
  1. cell bodies
  2. Powerhouse Processors
  3. non-myelinated
  4. edge of cortex
  5. processing
  6. integration
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8
Q

CNS Regions of the Brain

A
  1. Cerebrum - outer
  2. Diencephalon - core
  3. Brain Stem - brain/spinal cord
  4. Cerebellum - tiny brain
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9
Q

Ventricles - connect the 4 brain regions

A

1 & 2 - Lateral Ventricles - cerebral hemispheres (looks like horns of ram)

  1. in the diencephalon - in between the two sides of the thalamus
  2. hindbrain - in between the pons and the cerebellum
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10
Q

What disease is associated with the ventricles

A

Cerebral Palsy

Shunt to drain fluid into the abdominal cavity

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11
Q

What are the ventricles lined with?

A

Ependymal cells
which have cilia

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12
Q

What are the ventricles filled with

A

CSF

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13
Q

What are meninges?

A

Tough, useful membranes that have multiple layers that surround the brain

Protection for the brain
Bone, CSF, BBB

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14
Q

What do the membranes do?

A
  1. Cover the CNS
  2. Adhere blood vessels to the brain
  3. Contains CSF
  4. Form partitions in the skull
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15
Q

What are the three types of meninges?

A
  1. Dura Mater
  2. Arachnoid Mater
  3. Pia Mater
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16
Q

Dura Mater

A
  1. Outer layer
  2. Strong Fibrous CT
  3. Holds brain and spinal cord to bone
  4. Sack encloses the brain and spinal cord provising some protection
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17
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A
  1. Spider Web
  2. Middle Layer
  3. Light fibrous material off of dura mater
  4. Connects to Pia Mater
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18
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A

Space In between the arachnoid mater where the location of the CSF will travel

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19
Q

What is CSF composes of?

A
  1. Watery solution - intra & extracellular
  2. Modified from plasma - less electrolyte and protein
  3. Constant volume is the goal
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20
Q

Functions of the CSF

A
  1. Buoyancy to CNS
  2. Protects CNS from trauma
  3. Nourishment & Chemical signals
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21
Q

What is CSF produced by?

A

Choroid plexus - blood vessel

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22
Q

CSF circulation -

A
  1. Choroid Plexus makes CSF
  2. CSF flow into the ventricles
  3. from lateral ventricles
  4. down to 3rd ventricle
  5. to cerebral aqueduct
  6. to 4th ventricle
  7. to the subarachnoid space
  8. back toward teh top of the head
  9. CSF is absorbed into the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid villi
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23
Q

Arachnoid Villi

A

Location where the CSF leaves the CNS region back into a vein called the Dural Venous Sinus

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24
Q

Dural Venous Sinus

A

Vein where the CSF leaves the CNS and enters the Dural Venous Sinus

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25
Q

External Hydrocephalus

A
  1. External Blockage
  2. Build up of fluid in subarachnoid space pushing inward on the brain
  3. Compresses brain
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26
Q

Internal Hydrocephalus

A
  1. Internal Blockage
  2. Fluid would start to back up causing internal pressure
    Compression inside out
  3. Ventricles out
  4. Expands
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27
Q

CSF Issues

A

Spina bifida
Cerberal Palsy - shunt drain into abdomen

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28
Q

The Brains Convolutions

A

folds of the surface of the brain

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29
Q

Cortex Convolutions

A

Surface of the brain

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30
Q

Gyri

A

Bumps

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31
Q

Sulci

A

Shallow groove
Opposite of bump

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32
Q

Fissure

A

Deeper Groove
Deep Dividing Line

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33
Q

Central Sulcus

A
  1. Divides Frontal Lobe from Parietal Lobe
  2. where you go from motor activity in frontal cortex to the sensory processing of the parietal lobe
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34
Q

Lateral Sulcus

A

Dividing line between the temporal lobe and frontal lobe

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35
Q

Cerebral longitudinal fissure

A
  1. Divides the L and R cerebral hemispheres
  2. Place that connects the sides of the hemispheresTr
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36
Q

Transverse Fissures

A
  1. Divides cerebellum (baby brain) from Occipital Lobe and Temporal Lobe above it
  2. Divides Cerebellum below from cerebrum above
  3. Things above the fissure are cerebrum
  4. Things below cerebellum and brain stem
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37
Q

Cerebrum

A

Referring to the cortex of all the lobes and the diencephalon (omitting the cerebellum and brain stem)

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38
Q

4 Brain Regions

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Brain Stem
  4. Cerebellum
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39
Q

Parts of the Cerebrum

A

L & R cerebral hemisphere
Diencephalon

40
Q

Parts of the Diencephalon

A
  1. Epithalamus
  2. Thalamus
  3. Hypothalamus
41
Q

Parts of the Brain stem
(Region below the Diencephalon)

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla Oblongata
42
Q

Parts of the Cerebellum

A

Baby brain under the cerebrum

43
Q

Name the four lobes

A
  1. Frontal Lobe
  2. Parietal Lobe
  3. Temporal Lobe
  4. Occipital Lobe
44
Q

Frontal Lobe - Functions

A

MOTOR
1. Movement - Voluntary
2. Memory
3. Reasoning - Critical thinking
4. Emotion & Verbal communications
5. Distinguishes humans from everything else

45
Q

Parietal Lobe - Functions

A

SENSORY
1. Body Mapping
2. Sensory localization

46
Q

Temporal Lobe - Functions

A

EARS
1. Hearing
2. equilibrium
3. Memories of sensory experiences

47
Q

Occipital Lobe - Functions

A

EYES
1. Vision
2. Visual interpretation
3. Integrating eye movement

48
Q

Which lobe does motor?

A

Frontal Lobe

49
Q

Which lobe does sensory?

A

Pariteal Lobe

50
Q

Four Areas in the Frontal Lobe that do motor

A
  1. Primary Motor Cortex M1 - COMMAND
  2. PreMotor - Planning
  3. Broca’s area
  4. Frontal Eye Fields
51
Q

Primary Motor Cortex -M1

A

MOTOR COMMAND CENTER
1. Voluntary movement
2. Pyramidal cells (corticospinal tracts - white matteer CNS)
Brain to spinal
Descending pathways
3. Somatotopic - body mapping
4. Gyrus in front of central sulcus

52
Q

Premotor

A

PLANNING
1. Learned motor skills
2. Repetitious activity or patterns and planning
3. Premotor turns on before Primary Motor Cortex

53
Q

Broca’s Area

A

IN the frontal lobe
1. Motor aspects of speech

54
Q

Frontal Eye Fields

A

Frontal Lobe
1. Voluntary eye movements

55
Q

Sensory Areas of the cortex in parietal lobe

A
  1. Primary somatosensory cortex
  2. Somatosensory association area (cortex)
  3. Visual Areas - Primary & Association
  4. Auditory Areas - primary & Association areas
56
Q

Visual Neglect

A
  1. Nothing wrong with eyes
  2. Structures of vision are fine
  3. But visual field is affected
  4. Can only draw half of what you see
  5. Association - structure - sensory to put all together
  6. Phineas Gage - Prefrontal cortex damage
57
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

A
  1. Localization
  2. Localize muscles 7 skin stimuli
  3. Sensory Homunculus - visual - lots of face, tongue, hands, fingers
58
Q

Somatosensory association area (cortex)

A
  1. Sensory integration & analysis
  2. What to do, need to integrate, analyze
  3. Association Neuron - Presynaptic sensory afferent –> interneuron association –> Efferent motor
59
Q

Visual Areas - Primary & Association

A
  1. Occipital Lobe
  2. Experience - life taught - p/u pen
  3. Basic memory part - orient body to p/u pen - higher thinking - frontal lobe -
  4. Parietal & Frontal Lobe
  5. Primary - Big Picture Visual
  6. Association area - info stitch together - more holistic view of how/what it is and oriented to us and our environment
60
Q

Auditory Areas - Primary & Association

A
  1. Temporal Lobe
  2. Will allow for interpretation and integration of auditory information
61
Q

Lateralization

A

Division of labor between hemispheres

62
Q

Cerebral Dominance

A
  1. Left Hemisphere - Math, Logic, Language (Analytical - Sequence) in 90% of people
  2. Right Hemisphere - Insight - visual-spatial skills, intuition, artistic skills, holistic, unitary, creative
63
Q

Meant by Association Areas?

A
  1. Think of an area that will help put the pieces together
  2. Takes individual pieces of information and stitches them together.
  3. So we have appropriate interpretation - INTEGRATION
  4. Analysis of info that is available to us
64
Q

Commissures

A

The way you connect L & R hemispheres through the corpus callosum

65
Q

Association fibers

A
  1. Only connect regions w/in the same hemisphere
  2. Connected processed information from one area w/in the same hemisphere
66
Q

Projection fibers (corona radiata)

A
  1. Theses will be motor pathways
  2. Descending Pathways
  3. cortico spinal tracts
  4. Connecting the cerebrum
  5. descending down to the medulla oblongata
  6. where you have the crossing over at the decussation of pyramids
  7. allowing the R side to control the L and vice versa
67
Q

Cerebrum - What they do

A

Motor
Sensory
Association

68
Q

Brain Stem - what they do

A
  1. Basic Life Functions
  2. Respirations
  3. Homeostasis
69
Q

Midbrain - what they do

A

Pupil Dilation
Startle Reflex

70
Q

Pons - what they do

A

Bridge
Connects spinal cord, cerebellum, cerebrum

71
Q

Medulla Oblongata - what they do

A

Site of decussation (crossover), vasomotor, breathing rate

72
Q

Cerebellum - what they do

A

Online feedback & Coordination

73
Q

Dysfunction - cerebral damage

A
  1. Dysmetria
  2. Cerebelar ataxia
  3. Intention Tremor
  4. Dysarthria
74
Q

Dysmetria

A

Motor output is NOT in control

Imbalance of excitation * inhibition

75
Q

Cerebelar ataxia

A

Cerebellum is not gone

Does not quite work right

76
Q

Intention Tremor

A
  1. smooth in the middle motion
  2. as they get closer and closer to target - they correct, overcorrect, overcorrect as they hit the target
77
Q

Dysarthria

A

In coordination of execution of speech

can understand speech but have a difficult time coordinating excitation & inhibition w/in the muscles of the oral cavity that are required for speech

78
Q

Functions - Pons

A

Connects spinal cord, cerebellum, cerebrum

79
Q

Functions - Epithalamus

A

Pineal gland - endocrine function

80
Q

Functions - Midbrain

A

Pupil dilation
startle reflex

81
Q

Functions - Thalamus

A

Routes information, cortical arousal

82
Q

Functions - Basal Nuclei (ganglia)

A

Balances excitation and inhibition

83
Q

Functions - Hypothalamus

A

Heart Rate
BP
Thermoregulation

84
Q

Functions - Medulla Oblongata

A

Site of decussation (crossover), vasomotor, breathing rate

85
Q

Limbic System

A
  1. Emotional Brain - frontal cortex &/or limits emotional expression
  2. Depressants (alcohol) deregulate emotional action
86
Q

Reticular Formation

A
  1. ~ 100 brain stem nuclei

Has Four Functions
1. Arousal
2. Somatic Motor Control
3. ANS control
4. Pain Modulation

87
Q

RF - Arousal

A
  1. Cortical arousal pathway created in the thalamus
  2. Think of it like a relay station - getting the info from the periphery - senses - (receptors) - to the RF - up t the thalamus
  3. RF –> Thalamus –> cortical activity
88
Q

RF - Somatic Motor Control

A
  1. Help to regulate the descending motor pathways
  2. Helping to smooth out the motor output and help establish even more coordination
  3. Increases smoothness and coordination
89
Q

RF -ANS Control

A

Respiratory & Cardio Centers

90
Q

RF - Pain Modulation

A

Descending fiber can block pain transmission

92
Q

Spinal Cord organization

A

Foramen Magnum –> conus medullaris at L1 vertebrae

Meaning that the cross-sectional pattern of the spinal cord actually stops

What you see beyond this area is spinal nerves

93
Q

All of the CNS is housed in–

A

the meninges

dura, arachnoid, pia mater

94
Q

The meninges extend all the way down to the structure called …

A

Filum Terminale

95
Q

Filum Terminale

A

Helps to hold all of these meninges, or membranes, to the coccyx, ensuring that the integrity of this protection is maintained

96
Q

What is the job of the spinal cord?

A
  1. It is all about bringing information:

In from the CNS out to PNS
-OR-
In from the PNS out to CNS

  1. Contains spinal reflex centers
97
Q

Naming Pathways

A

Origins & Insertions
1. Where cell bodies (signal) originates
2. Where axons terminate

Sensory - ascending
or
Motor - descending

BIO 232 (63 decks)

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