Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 232 > Week 6-7 - Study Guide - Part 3 > Flashcards

Week 6-7 - Study Guide - Part 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where is the Thyroid gland located/

A

In the throat area in the front of the neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the Isthmus?

A

The Isthmus connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What two hormones does the Thyroid gland produce?

A
  1. Thyroid Hormone
  2. Calcitonin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which hormone of the thyroid is a major metabolic regulator?

A

Thyroid Hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which hormone of the thyroid is all about Calcium concentration?

A

Calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where is the parathyroid gland?

A

On the backside of the thyroid gland, the little yellow glands.

People can have anywhere from 4-8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What hormone does the parathyroid gland produce?

A

Parathyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone release?

A

Calcium concentration regulation
Releases Calcium ions when low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the structures you can see on the thyroid?

A

Follicles

Open spaces that create a lot of glycoproteins called thyroglobulin

A fancy way of saying they do protein synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do you add to thyroglobulin to create a thyroid hormone precursor?

A

Iodine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the two things needed to stick together to make thyroid hormone?

A

Thyroglobulin and iodine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What fills all the open spaces in the follicle on the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the cells that produce calcitonin and are directly associated with the open spaces on the thyroid?

A

Parafollicular cells (little cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What hormone is used to store calcium when too high?

A

Calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What hormone is used to release calcium when low?

A

Parathyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Thyroid Hormone has two related compounds…

A

T4
T3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the difference between T3 and T4?

A

Amino acid based
mix of tyrosines and iodine atoms

~T3 - has 3 bound iodine atoms
10x more metabolically active than T4

~T4- has 4 bound iodine atoms
it gets converted at the target tissue to T3 by peripheral tissue enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the Thyroid hormone do?

A
  1. Metabolic Regulator
    the more you have the higher the metabolic rate
  2. Regulates growth and development of tissues
    (especially in the nervous tissue)

Involves negative feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Without the thyroid hormone what happens to the nervous system and body tissues?

A

The nervous system does not develop

many of the body’s tissues will not develop properly

No metabolism stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What regulates Thyroid hormone and its release?

A

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Thyroid Hormone Effects -

A

(Maintain normal metabolism)

  1. Increases metabolism
  2. Regulates tissue growth & development (especially in the nervous system tissue)
  3. Increases reactivity of nerve cells
    (heart rate & digestive motility)

Autonomic Nervous System Regulation

If you need metabolism to run you need digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Thyroid System

A
  1. Hypothalamus releases TRH
  2. THR (Thyrotropin-releasing hormone) goes to the anterior pituitary
  3. Anterior pituitary - causes the release of TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone)
  4. goes to the thyroid gland
  5. where T3 and T4 are being produced
  6. then goes out to various target organs all over the body -
    for growth and development
    increase action of all those tissues

Negative Feedback
1. If you have enough T3 & T4 you will slow down the secretion of TSH and TRP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do you need from the diet for the Thyroid?

A

Iodine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

T3

A

10x more metabolically active than T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

T4

A

converted to T3 by peripheral tissue enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Hyposecretion of Thyroid hormone in adults due to lack of iodine?

A

Endemic Goiter

Need iodine to complete thyroglobulin to make thyroid hormone.
Without iodine, Thyroid gland continues to make more and more thyroglobulin
BUT - cannot finish any of it so thyroglobulin continues to build up.
You never have T3 and T4
You never get negative feedback to the anterior pituitary or hypothalamus
SO- you get those goiters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Differences between the two dwarfisms.

Pituitary and Cretinism

A

Pituitary Dwarfism -
nothing wrong - Low Growth Hormone ONLY makes person very small

Cretinism Dwarfism -
stuff wrong with them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Hyposecretion of Thyroid hormone in adults results in

A

Myxedema
(Mucous swelling)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Myxedema is a hyposecretion in adults resulting in s/s:

A
  1. lethargy (w/o metabolism - slowing down)
  2. Low body Temperature (because the heat producer is metabolism. Metabolism is not happening so results in low temp
  3. Swollen Face
  4. Edema (swelling- build up around the eyes)(more common in older people)
  5. Leathery skin (changes the skin of the face - associated with vascular)
  6. mental sluggishness
  7. Thick dry skin (change in skin consistencies)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Disease associated with Hypersecretion of Thyroid Hormone in Adults.

A

Graves’ Disease

More in adults but could happen in kids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Graves’ disease is a hypersecretion in adults resulting in s/s:

A

Actor Marty Thelman

  1. High metabolic rate
  2. Exopthalamia (bulging of the eyes due to build-up of fluid that pushes the eyes out of the socket
  3. WBC accumulation enlarges CT & muscles
  4. weight loss
  5. excessive sweating
  6. anxiety
  7. heart rate
33
Q

Antibodies mimic TSH…so what happens?

A

Autoimmunity exposed to something

If antibody is too close - it will go after the substance that is similar

34
Q

Hyposecretion of (TH) Thyroid hormone in infants causes what condition?

A

Cretinism (dwarfism)

35
Q

Cretinism is a hyposecretion in children resulting in s/s:

A
  1. Small limbs
  2. Not good Nervous System development
  3. Developmental may stem from low thyroid hormone in both mother and infant
  4. Small stature (low metabolism)
  5. mental retardation (not developing appropriately)
  6. Low body temperature (due to low metabolism)
    Fat build
36
Q

POMC - Origin of

A

Origin of
1. ACTH
2. MSH
3. Endorphins
4. Enkephalins

37
Q

Releasing Hormones

A

From the True Master Gland -
the hypothalamus!!

38
Q

ACTH
LH
FSH
TSH

A

Tropic hormones

known for release of other hormones

39
Q

Adenohypophysis VS Neurohypophyis

A

Adenohypophyis -
1. Adeno - true gland - anterior pituitary gland
2. produces own hormones

Neurohypophyisi -
1. Neuro - posterior pituitary
2. made in hypothalamus –> into posterior pituitary –>NS causes release

40
Q

Portal Systems

A
  1. Specialized vascular organization with 2 capillary beds in a row to pickup substances from 1st and deliver them to the 2nd.

EX - Cardiovascular specializations

41
Q

T3 vs T4

A

T3 - 10x more metabolically active

T4 -converts to T3 at target cells

42
Q

2 types of dwarfism

A
  1. Pituitary dwarfism - due to lack of GH
  2. Cretinism - lack of TH and associated with cognitive impairment
43
Q

Steroid vs. Amino-acid-based

A

Steroid - Lipid
1. Slower
2. enters the cell and is slower

Amino-Acid-based - Protein
1. Faster
2. involves 2nd messenger systems
3. faster due to differences in chemistry of hormone and whether or not it can cross the cell membrane

44
Q

Myxedema, Graves disease, goiter

A

Myxedema -
1. elderly
2. Low TH
3. mucous swelling

Graves’ disease
1. Hypothyroidism
2. Bulging eyes
3. High metabolism

Goiter
1. Lack of thyroid hormone
2. lack of iodine in diet

45
Q

Homeostasis activity in Calcium increase in the blood

Osteoblast activity
Calcium ions uptake in bone

A

1.Calcium increase in blood - stimulant
2. Thyroid gland act as receptor and control center
3. Parafollicular cells of thyroid releasing calcitonin - the hormone that travels to the bone - specifically the osteoblast cells that become the effectors
4. Osteoblast become the effectors that cause the bone building
Absorb the calcium from the blood
Store it in the bone
Build up the ossification of the bone
Make it stronger
5. Blood calcium lower and returns to normal - homeostasis
1. Osteoblast activity
2. Calcium ions store in bone

46
Q

Homeostasis activity in low calcium in the blood

Calcium ion absorption
Osteoclast activity
Calcium reabsorption

A
  1. Stimulant - low calcium in blood
  2. Thyroid gland act as receptor and control center
    Parathyroid gland releases PTH
    That travels through the blood
    To the bone - osteoclasts (destruction)
  3. PTH travels through the blood –>
    To the bone –>
    The osteoclasts
    to increase the breakdown of bone
    To let the calcium out to get released into the bloodstream
    and calcium levels go up
  4. Released calcium from the breaking down of bone and calcium in to the bloodstream
    Causing the calcium levels to go back up
47
Q

Can you live without Parathyroid Hormone?

A

No - you will die

48
Q

Can you live withot Calcitonin

A

Yes

49
Q

Hyperparathyroidism due to tumor

A

(breakdown of too much bone)

  1. causes the osteoblasts to break down the bone too much
  2. wind up with soft (brittle) bones that deform
  3. Start to bend under normal activity and forces
  4. More likely to have bone breaks
  5. Elevated Calcium depresses the NS and contributes to the formation of kidney stones
  6. Does NOT immediately kill you
50
Q

Hypoparathyroidism
(associated with gland trauma or removal)

A
  1. At risk of DEATH
  2. Results in Tetany of the muscles (contract and do not let go)
  3. Respiratory paralysis (stop breathing)
  4. DEATH
51
Q

Hypothyroid and swelling

A

Myxedema

52
Q

Excess blood Calcium ions

A

Hyperparathyroidism

53
Q

High heart rate, anxiety

A

Grave’s Disease

54
Q

Lack of iodine in diet

A

Goiter

55
Q

Cognitive deficit, dwarfism

A

Cretinism

56
Q

Low GH, epiphyseal plate

A

Pituitary Dwarfism

57
Q

Wasting and early aging

A

Simmond’s disease

58
Q

Thickening of facial bones and hands

A

Acromegaly

59
Q

Tetany, Respiratory paralysis

A

Hypoparathyroidism

60
Q

High GH in childhood

A

Gigantism

61
Q

Complexity of calcium regulations involves:

A

Increase in Calcium
1. Thyroid releases Calcitionin
2. increases calcium deposits in bone by osteoblasts
3. Decrease calcium uptake in intestines
4. Decrease calcium reabsorption from the urine

Decrease in Calcium
1. Parathyroid releases PTH
2. Increase calcium breakdown of bone by osteoclasts
3. increase calcium uptake in intestine
4. Increase calcium reabsorption from urine

62
Q

Where are the Adrenal glands located?

A

sit on top of the kidneys

63
Q

Structurally and functionally the adrenal glands are two glands in one:

A
  1. Adrenal Medulla
  2. Adrenal Cortex
64
Q

Adrenal Medulla involves:

A
  1. Nervous Tissue
  2. part of the Sympathetic NS (F/F)
    (NE, E)
65
Q

Adrenal Cortex involves:

A
  1. glandular tissue that synthesizes & secretes 3 corticosteroids from 3 layers
  2. minerals
  3. nutrients/energy
  4. sexual
  5. glomerulosa
  6. fasciculata
  7. reticularis
66
Q

Mineralocorticoids come from the outer regions of the

A

Adrenal Cortex

67
Q

Aldosterone regulates…

A

Extra-Cellular-Fluid electrolytes
specifically - regulating Sodium and potassium

68
Q

Extra Cellular Fluid is supposed to have a lot of sodium and a small amount of

A

Potassium

Aldosterone tries to keep it that way

69
Q

Why is sodium so important?

A
  1. Amount of Sodium we have
  2. controls the amount of ECF volume we maintain
  3. which means we will have the right amount of BP, BV, and impacts the relative concentration of other ions
70
Q

Sodium influx affects –

A
  1. ECF volume
  2. BV
  3. BP
  4. other ions
71
Q

Sodium Efflux affects

A
  1. sets the resting membrane potential of the cells
  2. Having excess potassium changes the RMP of the cell

Aldosterone helps get rid of excesses

72
Q

Kidney releases…to get to…

A

All goes to the same place

  1. kidney releases Renin –>
  2. Angiotensin –>
  3. to get here - Aldosterone
73
Q

ACE is….

A

Inhibitor

have an issue already - stop making it worse
urinate it out

74
Q

Renin causes a cascade of events in the plasma to produce a new chemical –

A

Angiotensin II

  1. which goes to the adrenal gland on top of the kidneys and causes release of
  2. Aldosterone
  3. which goes to the kidney
  4. Holds onto Sodium and water
  5. Causes the secretion of potassium
75
Q

Impact of Renin is the same as

A

Angiostensin

which is the same as aldosterone

A cascade of events that all lead to aldosterone.

76
Q

Renin leads to

A

Aldosterone

77
Q

Angiotensin leads to

A

Aldosterone

78
Q

Retain Na+ and H2O and secrete K+

A

Aldosterone production

79
Q
A

BIO 232 (63 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions