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BIO 232 > Week 6-7 - Study Guide - Part 4 > Flashcards

Week 6-7 - Study Guide - Part 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Glucocorticoids (Cortisol & Cortisones) released by

A

The middle Cortex of the Adrenal Cortex

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2
Q

Glucocorticoids regulate…

A
  1. metabolism
  2. vasoconstricts (BP drives up)
  3. inhibits inflammation (immunity) to keep our immune system from going crazy
  4. Promotes rises in blood glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids
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3
Q

How does the metabolic effect (gluconeogenesis) work?

A

gluco = glucose
neo = new
genesis = in beginning

E.G. protein –> Amino Acids –> glucose in liver

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4
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Process when you take something that was not glucose and convert it into glucose

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5
Q

What can you use to perform gluconeogenesis?

A

Protein or fat can convert into glucose

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6
Q

Why do we want to perform gluconeogenesis?

A
  1. it is easy to obtain protein and lipids form diet or body
  2. so - in times of stress - we can increase the amount of glucose available at the liver
  3. and release into the blood stream so our cells throughout the body that are dealing with the stress of getting up and doing activity are bale to have the energy to keep their body going.
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7
Q

Having a rise in blood glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids floating around in bloodstream could be damaging to the body in a person with…

A

Chronic stress

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8
Q

Imbalances of Glucocorticoids:

Hypersecretion of Cortisol causes what condition?

A

Cushing’s Syndrome

associated with the overproduction of cortisol

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9
Q

S/S of Cushing’s Syndrome?

A
  1. Hyperglycemia
  2. Redistribution of body fat (buffalo hump”
  3. Bruise easily, poor wound healing
  4. Loss of body protein - loss of muscle mass more fat deposits
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10
Q

What is the treatment of Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Removal of pituitary or adrenals

Because the ACTH is causing release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex

So- if you go after the pituitary gland or the adrenals you might be able to help

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11
Q

Where is the problem in Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Adrenal gland overproducing

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12
Q

Where is the problem in Cushing’s disease?

A

The pituitary is overproducing ACTH

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13
Q

Imbalances of Glucocorticoids:

Hyposecretion of Cortisol causes what condition?

A life-threatening condition if left untreated

A

Addison’s Disease

A life-threatening condition if left untreated

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14
Q

S/S of Addison’s Disease

A
  1. Rapid weight loss
    (due to burning the body’s fuel inefficiently or inappropriately
  2. Hypoglycemia
    (low cortisol - not able to move glucose out of storage/perform gluconeogenesis)
  3. Bronzing of the skin
  4. Fatal if untreated
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15
Q

Gonadocorticoids (sex hormones) in

A

Inner Cortex of adrenal cortex

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16
Q

Primary function of Gonadocorticoids

A

Supplement release of hormones released in ovaries and testes

  1. Androgen
  2. Testosterone
  3. Estrogen

May contribute to:
1. onset of puberty
2. appearance of secondary sex characteristics
3. sex drive

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17
Q

Adrenal Medulla releases:

A

NE/E

E=Fear
NE=Anger

remember - sympathomimetic

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18
Q

Percentage of E vs NE

A

E = 80%
NE = 20%

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19
Q

Epinephrine is all about (fear)
F/F

METABOLIC

A
  1. Metabolic Activities,
  2. Bronchial dilation (more air)
  3. Blood flow to skeletal muscles and heart
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20
Q

Norepinephrine is all about (anger)
F/F

CARDIOVASCULAR

A
  1. Cardiovascular
  2. Peripheral vasoconstriction
  3. BP goes up
  4. Heart rate goes up
  5. Stroke Volume goes up

vasoconstriction drives BP up
road rage NE

21
Q

Glycosuria

A

Increased urine glucose level

  1. Hyperglycemia
  2. Kidneys ability to conserve glucose is exceeded
  3. Glycosuria
22
Q

Polyuria

A

Increased volume of urine

  1. Hyperglycemia
  2. Kidneys ability to conserve glucose is exceeded
  3. Water follows glucose into urine by osmosis
  4. Polyuria
23
Q

Polydipsia

A

Dehydrated
Increased Thirst

  1. Hyperglycemia
  2. Kidneys ability to conserve glucose is exceeded
  3. Water follows glucose into urine by osmosis
  4. Net water loss from body
  5. polydipsia
24
Q

Acidosis

A
  1. Decreased glucose available for cellular respiration
  2. Shift from using CHO to using fat
  3. Production of ketone bodies
  4. Acidosis
25
Q

Weight Loss

A
  1. Decreased glucose available for cellular respiration
  2. Shift from using CHO to using fat
  3. Weight Loss
26
Q

Cardiovascular Disorders (lipids)

AND

Gallstones. (lipids)

A
  1. Decreased glucose available for cellular respiration
  2. Shift from using CHO to using fat
  3. Increased blood lipid levels(hyperlipidemia)
  4. Cardiovascular disorders
    OR
  5. Gallstones
27
Q

Cardiovascular disorders result in 4- 5 conditions

A
  1. Heart disease
  2. Ulcers and gangrene
  3. Kidney damage
  4. Eye (retinal) damage –> blindness
28
Q

Thymus gland is located

A

Right above the heart

29
Q

Thymus produces

Thymus (immune development)

A

Thymosin (hormone of thymus)

30
Q

Thymus and thymosin very active when?

A

Fetal development up to 2 years very active. –> atrophy

31
Q

Where is T-Cell Development?

Training

A

Thymus

32
Q

Thymosin creates

A

Lymphocytes (WBCs - called T-cells)

T-cells go to the thymus to get trained
B-cells stay in bone

33
Q

Autoimmune disease often associated with enlarged thymus

A

Thymus - Atrophy in infant
Reactivates and enlarges

34
Q

Pineal gland is part of what structure of the epithalamus?

A

3rd ventricle

35
Q

Pineal gland is a hormone regulator in

A

the day/night (sleep/wake) cycle

36
Q

Pineal gland produces what hormone?

A

Melatonin

37
Q

Melatonin is derived from a neurotransmitter…

A

serotonin

38
Q

Melatonin’s function
(cascading events)

A
  1. Timing of sexual maturation and puberty
  2. Maintain circadian rhythm
  3. Variations in Body temperature, sleep, appetite
  4. Impacts fetal adrenal gland, pancreas, liver, kidney, heart, lung, fat gut, & more
39
Q

What symptoms (disease) does the imbalance cause?

Hypersecretion of Thyroid Hormone

A

Grave’s Disease

  1. high metabolism
  2. sweating
  3. racing pulse
  4. exophthalmia (bulging eyes)
40
Q

What symptoms (disease) does the imbalance cause?

Hyposecretion of GH in adults

A

Simmond’s Disease

  1. wasting
  2. premature aging due to lack of cell repair/replacement
41
Q

What symptoms (disease) does the imbalance cause?

Hypersecretion of cortisol

A

Cushing’s syndrome

  1. hyperglycemia
  2. fatty deposits (buffalo hump)
  3. Loss of muscle mass
42
Q

What symptoms (disease) does the imbalance cause?

Hyposecretion of PTH

A

Hypoparathyroidism

  1. Tetany
  2. Respiratory Paralysis
  3. Death

Calcium is critical to muscle contraction

43
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A

Eustress = good stress for you
vs
Distress = bad stress for you

44
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) stages

A
  1. Alarm stage (F/F)
  2. Resistance stage (Plateau)
  3. Exhaustion Stage (Failure)
45
Q

Alarm Stage

A

Autonomic NS

  1. Alarm - immediate

hypothalamus
sympathetic
adrenal medulla

46
Q

Resistance Stage

A
  1. Resistance - long-term modification using endocrine system
    Physical fitness
    Angiotensin
    ACTH-cortisol
    TSH-thyroxin
    GH
    ADH

Increase Energy
build
circulate
physical fitness

47
Q

Exhaustion Stage

A

Exhaustion
1. Loss of battle (possibly death)
You have to eat potassium to replace it
2. Continual K+ loss
3. Cortisol depletion
cell starvation
4. Immune failure

48
Q
A

BIO 232 (63 decks)

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