Week 6-7 - Study Guide - Part 4 Flashcards
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol & Cortisones) released by
The middle Cortex of the Adrenal Cortex
Glucocorticoids regulate…
- metabolism
- vasoconstricts (BP drives up)
- inhibits inflammation (immunity) to keep our immune system from going crazy
- Promotes rises in blood glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids
How does the metabolic effect (gluconeogenesis) work?
gluco = glucose
neo = new
genesis = in beginning
E.G. protein –> Amino Acids –> glucose in liver
Gluconeogenesis
Process when you take something that was not glucose and convert it into glucose
What can you use to perform gluconeogenesis?
Protein or fat can convert into glucose
Why do we want to perform gluconeogenesis?
- it is easy to obtain protein and lipids form diet or body
- so - in times of stress - we can increase the amount of glucose available at the liver
- and release into the blood stream so our cells throughout the body that are dealing with the stress of getting up and doing activity are bale to have the energy to keep their body going.
Having a rise in blood glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids floating around in bloodstream could be damaging to the body in a person with…
Chronic stress
Imbalances of Glucocorticoids:
Hypersecretion of Cortisol causes what condition?
Cushing’s Syndrome
associated with the overproduction of cortisol
S/S of Cushing’s Syndrome?
- Hyperglycemia
- Redistribution of body fat (buffalo hump”
- Bruise easily, poor wound healing
- Loss of body protein - loss of muscle mass more fat deposits
What is the treatment of Cushing’s syndrome?
Removal of pituitary or adrenals
Because the ACTH is causing release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex
So- if you go after the pituitary gland or the adrenals you might be able to help
Where is the problem in Cushing’s syndrome?
Adrenal gland overproducing
Where is the problem in Cushing’s disease?
The pituitary is overproducing ACTH
Imbalances of Glucocorticoids:
Hyposecretion of Cortisol causes what condition?
A life-threatening condition if left untreated
Addison’s Disease
A life-threatening condition if left untreated
S/S of Addison’s Disease
- Rapid weight loss
(due to burning the body’s fuel inefficiently or inappropriately - Hypoglycemia
(low cortisol - not able to move glucose out of storage/perform gluconeogenesis) - Bronzing of the skin
- Fatal if untreated
Gonadocorticoids (sex hormones) in
Inner Cortex of adrenal cortex
Primary function of Gonadocorticoids
Supplement release of hormones released in ovaries and testes
- Androgen
- Testosterone
- Estrogen
May contribute to:
1. onset of puberty
2. appearance of secondary sex characteristics
3. sex drive
Adrenal Medulla releases:
NE/E
E=Fear
NE=Anger
remember - sympathomimetic
Percentage of E vs NE
E = 80%
NE = 20%
Epinephrine is all about (fear)
F/F
METABOLIC
- Metabolic Activities,
- Bronchial dilation (more air)
- Blood flow to skeletal muscles and heart
Norepinephrine is all about (anger)
F/F
CARDIOVASCULAR
- Cardiovascular
- Peripheral vasoconstriction
- BP goes up
- Heart rate goes up
- Stroke Volume goes up
vasoconstriction drives BP up
road rage NE
Glycosuria
Increased urine glucose level
- Hyperglycemia
- Kidneys ability to conserve glucose is exceeded
- Glycosuria
Polyuria
Increased volume of urine
- Hyperglycemia
- Kidneys ability to conserve glucose is exceeded
- Water follows glucose into urine by osmosis
- Polyuria
Polydipsia
Dehydrated
Increased Thirst
- Hyperglycemia
- Kidneys ability to conserve glucose is exceeded
- Water follows glucose into urine by osmosis
- Net water loss from body
- polydipsia
Acidosis
- Decreased glucose available for cellular respiration
- Shift from using CHO to using fat
- Production of ketone bodies
- Acidosis
Weight Loss
- Decreased glucose available for cellular respiration
- Shift from using CHO to using fat
- Weight Loss
Cardiovascular Disorders (lipids)
AND
Gallstones. (lipids)
- Decreased glucose available for cellular respiration
- Shift from using CHO to using fat
- Increased blood lipid levels(hyperlipidemia)
- Cardiovascular disorders
OR - Gallstones
Cardiovascular disorders result in 4- 5 conditions
- Heart disease
- Ulcers and gangrene
- Kidney damage
- Eye (retinal) damage –> blindness
Thymus gland is located
Right above the heart
Thymus produces
Thymus (immune development)
Thymosin (hormone of thymus)
Thymus and thymosin very active when?
Fetal development up to 2 years very active. –> atrophy
Where is T-Cell Development?
Training
Thymus
Thymosin creates
Lymphocytes (WBCs - called T-cells)
T-cells go to the thymus to get trained
B-cells stay in bone
Autoimmune disease often associated with enlarged thymus
Thymus - Atrophy in infant
Reactivates and enlarges
Pineal gland is part of what structure of the epithalamus?
3rd ventricle
Pineal gland is a hormone regulator in
the day/night (sleep/wake) cycle
Pineal gland produces what hormone?
Melatonin
Melatonin is derived from a neurotransmitter…
serotonin
Melatonin’s function
(cascading events)
- Timing of sexual maturation and puberty
- Maintain circadian rhythm
- Variations in Body temperature, sleep, appetite
- Impacts fetal adrenal gland, pancreas, liver, kidney, heart, lung, fat gut, & more
What symptoms (disease) does the imbalance cause?
Hypersecretion of Thyroid Hormone
Grave’s Disease
- high metabolism
- sweating
- racing pulse
- exophthalmia (bulging eyes)
What symptoms (disease) does the imbalance cause?
Hyposecretion of GH in adults
Simmond’s Disease
- wasting
- premature aging due to lack of cell repair/replacement
What symptoms (disease) does the imbalance cause?
Hypersecretion of cortisol
Cushing’s syndrome
- hyperglycemia
- fatty deposits (buffalo hump)
- Loss of muscle mass
What symptoms (disease) does the imbalance cause?
Hyposecretion of PTH
Hypoparathyroidism
- Tetany
- Respiratory Paralysis
- Death
Calcium is critical to muscle contraction
General Adaptation Syndrome
Eustress = good stress for you
vs
Distress = bad stress for you
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) stages
- Alarm stage (F/F)
- Resistance stage (Plateau)
- Exhaustion Stage (Failure)
Alarm Stage
Autonomic NS
- Alarm - immediate
hypothalamus
sympathetic
adrenal medulla
Resistance Stage
- Resistance - long-term modification using endocrine system
Physical fitness
Angiotensin
ACTH-cortisol
TSH-thyroxin
GH
ADH
Increase Energy
build
circulate
physical fitness
Exhaustion Stage
Exhaustion
1. Loss of battle (possibly death)
You have to eat potassium to replace it
2. Continual K+ loss
3. Cortisol depletion
cell starvation
4. Immune failure
