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BIO 232 > Week 3 - Study Guide > Flashcards

Week 3 - Study Guide Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Components of a reflex Arc (Neural Path.)

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Sensory Neuron
  3. Integration Center
  4. Motor Neuron
  5. Effector
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2
Q

Receptor

A

Site of stimulus action

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3
Q

Sensory Neuron

A

Afferent to the CNS

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4
Q

Integration Center

A

region within the CNS

Mono or polysynaptic

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5
Q

Motor Neuron

A

efferent to efector organ

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6
Q

Sensation vs Perception

A

Sensation - it happened

Perception - Perception does not occur because there was no AP sent

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7
Q

Sensory Receptors classified based on stimulus type…

A

a. mechanoreceptor
b. thermoreceptor
c. photoreceptor
d. chemoreceptor
e. nociceptor

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8
Q

Chemoreceptors respond to

A

chemicals

(chemical concentrations including, odors, tastes, and dissolved chemicals within the body fluids)

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9
Q

Thermoreceptors respond to

A

heat and cold

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10
Q

nociceptors respond to

A

pain

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11
Q

Mechanoreceptors respond to

A

physical deformity caused by touch, pressure, stretch, vibration, and tension.

AUDIO - Kicked open

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12
Q

Photoreceptors respond to

A

light

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13
Q

Receptors classified by the origins of their stimuli

A

Exteroceptor
Interoceptor
Propioreceptor

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14
Q

Exteroceptor

A

Near Outside stimulus
Outside the body

Skin touch
pressure
pain
temperature
most special sense organs

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15
Q

Interoceptor

A

near Inside stimulus
(inside core organs)
Inside the body

Internal viscera and blood vessels

chemical tissue stretch and temperature

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16
Q

Proprioceptor

A

Does not fit into OUT or IN the body
Body movement
(position sense)
(How we are oriented in space)

Muscle spindles - length
Golgi Tendons - Tension

stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments & CT of bones and muscles

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17
Q

What are skeletal muscles composed of?

A

contractile & non-contractile elements with separate innervation

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18
Q

Muscle Spindles are receptors that are…

A

non-contractile
Sense length of muscle
and then cause contraction

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19
Q

What do muscle spindles do?

A

Help maintain posture through innervation of large muscles
(consider gastrocnemius)

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20
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side of the body

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21
Q

Contralateral

A

opposite side

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22
Q

monosynaptic

A

Direct signal neuron
No interneuron is present

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23
Q

polysynaptic

A

one or more interneurons connect

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24
Q

reciprocal inhibition

A

stretch of one muscle inhibits the activity of the opposing muscle

reflex

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25
Q

Sensation

A

the brains’s ability to pickup changes in the enviroment

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26
Q

Autonomic System of PNS

A

Involuntary

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27
Q

Somatic NS of PNS

A

Voluntary

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28
Q

PNS

A

All the nerves that shoot out and away; and then come back in towards the brain.

Brainstem and Spinal Cord

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29
Q

Sensory Cranial Nerves

A
  1. Olfactory - smell
  2. Optic - vision
  3. Vestibulococchlear - Sound
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30
Q

Motor cranial nerves

A
  1. Occulomotor - move eye
  2. Trochlear - move eye
  3. Abducens - move eyes
  4. Accessory - shoulder shrugging
  5. Hypoglossal - move tongue
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31
Q

Motor/Sensation Cranial Nerves

A
  1. Trigeminal - sense eye; move jaw
  2. Facial - taste; move face
  3. Glossopharyngeal - taste, swallowing
  4. Vagus -
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32
Q

Regions of Spinal Nerves

A

31 pairs
1. cervical - 8
2. thoracic - 12
3. lumbar - 5
4. Sacral - 5
5. Coccygeal - 1

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33
Q

Sympathetic Region

A

Thoracolumbar

F/F

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34
Q

Parasympathetic Region

A

Craniosacral

R/D

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35
Q

Brainstem is made of three parts

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

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36
Q

How many neurochains in motor?

A

2

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37
Q

How many neurochains in sensory?

A

3

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38
Q

Synapse -

A

Speaks to muscle/organ

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39
Q

PNS divided into

A

Somatic - skeletal - voluntary

ANS - glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle - invluntary

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40
Q

Function & Origin
Olfactory

A

Smell
Nose
sensory

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41
Q

Function & Origin
Optic

A

Vision
Eyes
sensory

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42
Q

Function & Origin
Oculomotor

A

Eye movement
Midbrain
Motor

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43
Q

Function & Origin
Trochlear

A

eye muscle
midbrain
motor

44
Q

Function & Origin
Trigeminal

A

Face sensation
Jaw movement
Pons
Both

45
Q

Function & Origin
Abducens

A

eye movement
Pons
motor

46
Q

Function & Origin
Facial

A

Taste
face motor
Pons
Both

47
Q

Function & Origin
Vestibulocochlear

A

Hearing
Medulla
Sensory

48
Q

Function & Origin
Glossopharyngeal

A

Taste
Swallowing
Medulla
Both

49
Q

Function & Origin
Vagus

A

Monitor sensing
Parasympathetic motor
Medulla
Both

50
Q

Function & Origin
Accesory

A

Head/neck movement
Medulla
Motor

51
Q

Function & Origin
Hypoglossal

A

tongue muscle
Medulla
Motor

52
Q

Nerves of the midbrain

A

Oculomotor
Trochlear

53
Q

Nerves of the Pons

A
  1. Trigeminal
  2. Abducens
  3. Facial
54
Q

Nerves of the Medulla Oblongata

A
  1. Vestibulocochlear
  2. Glossopharyngeal
  3. Vagus
  4. Accessory
  5. Hypoglossal
55
Q

What is unique about Trochlear Nerve organozation?

A

Exits brain dorsally
and is crossed

56
Q

What is unique about the Vagus nerve?

A

Only cranial nerve that goes beyond the head and neck

innervates the heart, lungs, digestive tract, urinary tract

57
Q

5 Components of a Reflex Arc

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Sensory Neuron
  3. Integration Center
  4. Motor Neuron
  5. Effector
58
Q

Components of Reflex:
Receptor -

A
  1. picks up stimulus
  2. turns into electrical energy
  3. Transmission to 2nd component
59
Q

Components of Reflex:
Sensory Neuron

A
  1. Sending an afferent signal into the control center
60
Q

Components of Reflex:
Control Center

A
  1. Spinal Cord
  2. specifically the interneuron
  3. sends the signal (control center)
  4. send to a lower motor neuron
61
Q

Components of Reflex:
Motor Neuron

A
  1. throws it to a lower motor neuron
  2. which sends an efferent signal to the effector
62
Q

Components of Reflex:
Effector

A
  1. the muscle/organ
  2. Contracts -move away
  3. Avoids tissue damage or further damage
63
Q

What does an Interneuron do?

A
  1. Takes signal from sensory neuron
  2. Sends it off where it needs to go
  3. to a lower motor neuron
64
Q

Muscle spindles -

A

sense length of muscle

then cause contraction

65
Q

Golgi Tendons

A

Sense muscle tension

Cause relaxation

Agonists relaxes
Antagonist contracts

66
Q

Flexor (withdraw reflex)

A
  1. Pain stimulus
  2. Auto withdraw
  3. ipsilateral
    polysynaptic (interneuron)
67
Q

Crossed extensor reflex

A
  1. isilateral reflex & contralateral reflex
  2. stimulated side withdraw (flexed)
  3. Contralateral side is extended
68
Q

Plexus

A

a bundle of nerves that will branch out again

69
Q

Names of Plexuses

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Brachial
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral
70
Q

Cervical Plexus

A
  1. C1-C4
  2. Back of head, neck, shoulders
  3. Phrenic Nerve - Diaphragm
71
Q

Brachial Plexus

A
  1. C5-T1
  2. Arm
    Saturday night paralysis
    Crutch
72
Q

Lumbar Plexus

A
  1. L1-L4
  2. Front and sides of leg

Femoral Nerve

73
Q

Sacral Plexus

A
  1. L4-S4
  2. Back of leg

Sciatic Nerve

74
Q

Roots

A

Pure

75
Q

Rami

A

Mixed

76
Q

Dorsal Root

A

Sensory

77
Q

Ventral Root

A

Motor

78
Q

Dorsal Ramus

A

deep muscles
posterior surface of trunk

79
Q

Ventral ramus

A

Limbs, lateral/anterior trunk, superficial back muscles

80
Q

Rami communicantes

A

branch from ventral ramus
ANS
motor pathway
F/F

81
Q

Dermatomes

A

body map - diagnostic tool

area of skin innervated by cutaneous branches from a ventral ramus of a single spinal nerve

82
Q

What areas DO NOT form a plexus

A

T2-T12

Trunk core

83
Q

Dorsal location

A

Sensory - Posterior

84
Q

Ventral location

A

Motor - anterior

85
Q

Rubrospinal

A
  1. Indirect
  2. involuntary for posture and balance
86
Q

Golgi Tendon example

A
  1. Pick up a heavy object
  2. drops it because of
  3. reflexive relaxation of the straining muscle receptor
87
Q

Rubrospinal Pathway

A

Red Nucleus in midbrain

Direct = voluntary
Indirect = involuntary

88
Q

Afferent portion of ANS is

A

taking measurements of homeostasis with interoceptors (internal)

89
Q

Craniosacral -

A

Parasympathetic - R/D

90
Q

Thoracolumbar -

A

Sympathetic - F/F

91
Q

2 types of ACH receptors

A

Nicotinic
Muscarinic

92
Q

Muscarinic

A

Ach receptor & 2nd messenger

93
Q

2nd Messengers

A
  1. Chemical signal
  2. Binding
  3. G protein
  4. enzyme
  5. cAMP = 2nd messenger
  6. outcome - vary
    Excitatory or inhibitory
94
Q

Adrenergic Fibers release

A

NE - binds with Beta
2nd messenger

E - binds with A&B
Alpha/Beta receptors

95
Q

Receptor that responds to heart only

A

Beta 1

96
Q

What system has longer preganglionic & short postganglionic neurons?

A

Parasympathetic

Terminal Ganglia is in or on target organ

97
Q

What system lacks a ganglion?

A

Somatic

1 neuron only
no synapse or ganglia

98
Q

What system is associated with alpha & beta receptors?

A

Sympathetic

Respond to NE
so only sympathetic

99
Q

What system innervates the adrenal medulla gland?

A

Sympathetic

Sympathomimetic - release NE & E

100
Q

Which system (s) have cholinergic fibers?

A

Somatic, sympathetic, parasympathetic

Release ACH, somatic, pre/post parasympathetic & preganglionic sympathetic

101
Q

Which system(s) have adrenergic fibers?

A

Sympathetic

Release NE, postganglionic sympathetic

102
Q

Which systems involve second messenger systems?

A

Parasympathetic
Sympathetic

Muscarinic (Ach)
Alphas & Betas (NE)

103
Q

Which system DOES NOT contain second messenger system?

A

Somatic

104
Q

What resists degeneration

A

Neurilemma of Schwann cells

Neural pathway remains and axon will grow back if cell body survives

105
Q

Neuritis

A

Inflammation of nerve

Sciatice
Bell’s Palsey - facial

Shingles - infectio of dorsal root (sensory) ganglia

106
Q

MS

A

progressive loss of myelin in spinal cord/brain

BIO 232 (63 decks)

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