Week 3 - Study Guide Flashcards
Components of a reflex Arc (Neural Path.)
- Receptor
- Sensory Neuron
- Integration Center
- Motor Neuron
- Effector
Receptor
Site of stimulus action
Sensory Neuron
Afferent to the CNS
Integration Center
region within the CNS
Mono or polysynaptic
Motor Neuron
efferent to efector organ
Sensation vs Perception
Sensation - it happened
Perception - Perception does not occur because there was no AP sent
Sensory Receptors classified based on stimulus type…
a. mechanoreceptor
b. thermoreceptor
c. photoreceptor
d. chemoreceptor
e. nociceptor
Chemoreceptors respond to
chemicals
(chemical concentrations including, odors, tastes, and dissolved chemicals within the body fluids)
Thermoreceptors respond to
heat and cold
nociceptors respond to
pain
Mechanoreceptors respond to
physical deformity caused by touch, pressure, stretch, vibration, and tension.
AUDIO - Kicked open
Photoreceptors respond to
light
Receptors classified by the origins of their stimuli
Exteroceptor
Interoceptor
Propioreceptor
Exteroceptor
Near Outside stimulus
Outside the body
Skin touch
pressure
pain
temperature
most special sense organs
Interoceptor
near Inside stimulus
(inside core organs)
Inside the body
Internal viscera and blood vessels
chemical tissue stretch and temperature
Proprioceptor
Does not fit into OUT or IN the body
Body movement
(position sense)
(How we are oriented in space)
Muscle spindles - length
Golgi Tendons - Tension
stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments & CT of bones and muscles
What are skeletal muscles composed of?
contractile & non-contractile elements with separate innervation
Muscle Spindles are receptors that are…
non-contractile
Sense length of muscle
and then cause contraction
What do muscle spindles do?
Help maintain posture through innervation of large muscles
(consider gastrocnemius)
Ipsilateral
Same side of the body
Contralateral
opposite side
monosynaptic
Direct signal neuron
No interneuron is present
polysynaptic
one or more interneurons connect
reciprocal inhibition
stretch of one muscle inhibits the activity of the opposing muscle
reflex
Sensation
the brains’s ability to pickup changes in the enviroment
Autonomic System of PNS
Involuntary
Somatic NS of PNS
Voluntary
PNS
All the nerves that shoot out and away; and then come back in towards the brain.
Brainstem and Spinal Cord
Sensory Cranial Nerves
- Olfactory - smell
- Optic - vision
- Vestibulococchlear - Sound
Motor cranial nerves
- Occulomotor - move eye
- Trochlear - move eye
- Abducens - move eyes
- Accessory - shoulder shrugging
- Hypoglossal - move tongue
Motor/Sensation Cranial Nerves
- Trigeminal - sense eye; move jaw
- Facial - taste; move face
- Glossopharyngeal - taste, swallowing
- Vagus -
Regions of Spinal Nerves
31 pairs
1. cervical - 8
2. thoracic - 12
3. lumbar - 5
4. Sacral - 5
5. Coccygeal - 1
Sympathetic Region
Thoracolumbar
F/F
Parasympathetic Region
Craniosacral
R/D
Brainstem is made of three parts
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
How many neurochains in motor?
2
How many neurochains in sensory?
3
Synapse -
Speaks to muscle/organ
PNS divided into
Somatic - skeletal - voluntary
ANS - glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle - invluntary
Function & Origin
Olfactory
Smell
Nose
sensory
Function & Origin
Optic
Vision
Eyes
sensory
Function & Origin
Oculomotor
Eye movement
Midbrain
Motor
Function & Origin
Trochlear
eye muscle
midbrain
motor
Function & Origin
Trigeminal
Face sensation
Jaw movement
Pons
Both
Function & Origin
Abducens
eye movement
Pons
motor
Function & Origin
Facial
Taste
face motor
Pons
Both
Function & Origin
Vestibulocochlear
Hearing
Medulla
Sensory
Function & Origin
Glossopharyngeal
Taste
Swallowing
Medulla
Both
Function & Origin
Vagus
Monitor sensing
Parasympathetic motor
Medulla
Both
Function & Origin
Accesory
Head/neck movement
Medulla
Motor
Function & Origin
Hypoglossal
tongue muscle
Medulla
Motor
Nerves of the midbrain
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Nerves of the Pons
- Trigeminal
- Abducens
- Facial
Nerves of the Medulla Oblongata
- Vestibulocochlear
- Glossopharyngeal
- Vagus
- Accessory
- Hypoglossal
What is unique about Trochlear Nerve organozation?
Exits brain dorsally
and is crossed
What is unique about the Vagus nerve?
Only cranial nerve that goes beyond the head and neck
innervates the heart, lungs, digestive tract, urinary tract
5 Components of a Reflex Arc
- Receptor
- Sensory Neuron
- Integration Center
- Motor Neuron
- Effector
Components of Reflex:
Receptor -
- picks up stimulus
- turns into electrical energy
- Transmission to 2nd component
Components of Reflex:
Sensory Neuron
- Sending an afferent signal into the control center
Components of Reflex:
Control Center
- Spinal Cord
- specifically the interneuron
- sends the signal (control center)
- send to a lower motor neuron
Components of Reflex:
Motor Neuron
- throws it to a lower motor neuron
- which sends an efferent signal to the effector
Components of Reflex:
Effector
- the muscle/organ
- Contracts -move away
- Avoids tissue damage or further damage
What does an Interneuron do?
- Takes signal from sensory neuron
- Sends it off where it needs to go
- to a lower motor neuron
Muscle spindles -
sense length of muscle
then cause contraction
Golgi Tendons
Sense muscle tension
Cause relaxation
Agonists relaxes
Antagonist contracts
Flexor (withdraw reflex)
- Pain stimulus
- Auto withdraw
- ipsilateral
polysynaptic (interneuron)
Crossed extensor reflex
- isilateral reflex & contralateral reflex
- stimulated side withdraw (flexed)
- Contralateral side is extended
Plexus
a bundle of nerves that will branch out again
Names of Plexuses
- Cervical
- Brachial
- Lumbar
- Sacral
Cervical Plexus
- C1-C4
- Back of head, neck, shoulders
- Phrenic Nerve - Diaphragm
Brachial Plexus
- C5-T1
- Arm
Saturday night paralysis
Crutch
Lumbar Plexus
- L1-L4
- Front and sides of leg
Femoral Nerve
Sacral Plexus
- L4-S4
- Back of leg
Sciatic Nerve
Roots
Pure
Rami
Mixed
Dorsal Root
Sensory
Ventral Root
Motor
Dorsal Ramus
deep muscles
posterior surface of trunk
Ventral ramus
Limbs, lateral/anterior trunk, superficial back muscles
Rami communicantes
branch from ventral ramus
ANS
motor pathway
F/F
Dermatomes
body map - diagnostic tool
area of skin innervated by cutaneous branches from a ventral ramus of a single spinal nerve
What areas DO NOT form a plexus
T2-T12
Trunk core
Dorsal location
Sensory - Posterior
Ventral location
Motor - anterior
Rubrospinal
- Indirect
- involuntary for posture and balance
Golgi Tendon example
- Pick up a heavy object
- drops it because of
- reflexive relaxation of the straining muscle receptor
Rubrospinal Pathway
Red Nucleus in midbrain
Direct = voluntary
Indirect = involuntary
Afferent portion of ANS is
taking measurements of homeostasis with interoceptors (internal)
Craniosacral -
Parasympathetic - R/D
Thoracolumbar -
Sympathetic - F/F
2 types of ACH receptors
Nicotinic
Muscarinic
Muscarinic
Ach receptor & 2nd messenger
2nd Messengers
- Chemical signal
- Binding
- G protein
- enzyme
- cAMP = 2nd messenger
- outcome - vary
Excitatory or inhibitory
Adrenergic Fibers release
NE - binds with Beta
2nd messenger
E - binds with A&B
Alpha/Beta receptors
Receptor that responds to heart only
Beta 1
What system has longer preganglionic & short postganglionic neurons?
Parasympathetic
Terminal Ganglia is in or on target organ
What system lacks a ganglion?
Somatic
1 neuron only
no synapse or ganglia
What system is associated with alpha & beta receptors?
Sympathetic
Respond to NE
so only sympathetic
What system innervates the adrenal medulla gland?
Sympathetic
Sympathomimetic - release NE & E
Which system (s) have cholinergic fibers?
Somatic, sympathetic, parasympathetic
Release ACH, somatic, pre/post parasympathetic & preganglionic sympathetic
Which system(s) have adrenergic fibers?
Sympathetic
Release NE, postganglionic sympathetic
Which systems involve second messenger systems?
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
Muscarinic (Ach)
Alphas & Betas (NE)
Which system DOES NOT contain second messenger system?
Somatic
What resists degeneration
Neurilemma of Schwann cells
Neural pathway remains and axon will grow back if cell body survives
Neuritis
Inflammation of nerve
Sciatice
Bell’s Palsey - facial
Shingles - infectio of dorsal root (sensory) ganglia
MS
progressive loss of myelin in spinal cord/brain