Week 6- Respiratory System Flashcards
What is an upper respiratory tract
Sinuses in nasal and oral cavity
Throat
Larynx
Pharynx
What is in the lower respiratory tract
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Lungs
Functions of respiratiory system
Exchange air between body and outside - external respiration
Brings o2 to cells removing co2- internal respiration
Supplies body with o2 reoves co2
Filters inspired air
Produces sound
Contain receptors for smell
Rids body of excess water and heat
Helps regulate blood pH
Nose function
Only externally visible respiratory organ
Olfactory receptors located in mucosa moisten air to trap incoming foreign particles
Conchae are lateral projections which increase SA and air TURBULENCE within nasal cavity
Location and Function of paranasal sinus
Located in fcabities in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bone
Lighten skull
Produce mucus
Produce quality sound for speech
Name 3 regions in pharynx from superior to inferior
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Larynx (voice box) function
Routes air and food into proper channels
Plays a role in speech
Made from 8 rigid hyaline cartilages and elastic cartilage
Pharynx is superior to larynx
What is the epiglottis
A small, movable “lid” just above the larynx that prevents food and drink from entering the windpipe
Trachea function and location
Connect slarynx to bronchi
Lined with mucosa
Expels mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from the lungs to trap and prevent infection
C- shaped hyaline cartilage
What is the cilia and mucocilary clearance
Primary innate defence mechanism of the lung
Protective mucous layer, cilia on cells
Organelles beat in metachondral waves to propel pathogens and inhaled particles trapped in mucous layer out of the airways
Cystic fibrosis is associated with mucocillary transport failure.
• Localized mucociliary transport failure observed in respiratory diseases,
especially chronic sinusitis, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis and bronchial
asth
What are congenital abnormalities and name some
Birth defects which are rare
Stenosis of the trachea
Foregut cyst
Trachea-oesop[hageal fistula (joining)
Pulmonary hypoplasai (defect in development of both lungs)
What is pulmonary odema
Excessive interstitial fluid in alveoli
Haemodynamic caused by ^ H pressure, L sided heart failure
Increased capillary permeability due to mucrovadular injury
What is COPD
Treatable disease characterised by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation due to airway limitation,
airway and alveolar abnormalities caused by exposure to noxious particles or gases
4th leading cause of death worldwide
Associated COPD and smoking
Caused by genetic inheritance
Risk factors are smoking, air pollution, occupational exposure,
Women>
African Americans >
Not reversible
Typically progressive
2 types:
1. Emphysema
2.chronic bronchitis
What is emphysema
Irreversible enlargement of airspaces distal to the terminal bronchiole, accompanied by destruction of their walls
4 Types
1) Centriacinar emphysema
2) Panacinar emphysema
3) Distal acinar emphysema
4) Irregular emphysema
Pathophysiology
• Diminished elastic recoil, which results in premature airways closure
• Reduced exp. flow rates
• Air trapping leads to increased functional residual capacity (FRC)
• Local hypoxia and loss of capillary beds
• Blebs and bullae deform and compress respiratory
What is chronic bronchitis
Bronchitis
A persistent cough with sputum production for at least 3 months in at least 2 consecutive years in the absence of any other identifiable cause
Cause
Exposure to noxious irritating inhaled substances such as tobacco smoke (90% of
those affected are smokers)
Pathogenesis
Mucous glands size increased
Mucous hypersecretion
Goblet cells numbers increased
Mucus plug in peripheral airways
Long standing inflammation leads to fibrosis of small airways - Emphysematous changes
Narrowing airways and interferes w
