Week 12-reproductive System Flashcards
List benign neoplasms females
Benign
• Lichen sclerosis – affects vulva and labia
• Ovarian (80% benign, women 20-45 years of age, i.e. teratoma)
• Benign exophytic lesions (genital warts) STI’s
• Vulvar/endometrial polyps (may cause abnormal bleeding and infertility)
• Leiomyoma (fibroid)
• Cysts & Polyps
List malignant neoplasms female
Malignant
• Cervical carcinoma (4th mc cancer in women worldwide. >50% mortality. HPV)
• Endometrial carcinoma (7% of invasive cancers in women)
• Vulvar / squamous cell/cervical carcinoma (F >60 years)
• Papillary Hidradenoma (nodule in labial folds)
• Extramammary Paget’s Disease (vulva)
• Leiomyosarcom
What is endometriosis
Presence of ectopic endometrial tissue at a site outside the uterus
Can cause infertility, pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea (irregular periods) fatigue, depression, abdominal pain, abnormal bleeding
Mc 3rd 4th decades of life
10% of women
3 classifications,
Superficial, ovarian and deep
features are
infertility
fatigue
depression
asymptomatic
abnormal pain and bleeding
LBP
chronic pelvic pain
Dysmenorrhoea
What is poly cystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
(PCOS)
• Characterised by:
Hyperandrogenism
Menstrual abnormalities
Polycystic ovaries
Chronic anovulation
Decreased fertility
• Affects 6-10% of women of reproductive age worldwide
• Associated with DM, obesity ad premature atherosclerosis
• Possible metabolic aetiology
What is gonorrhoea
Gonorrhoea
Bacterial
Endocervical canal and/or urethra
Can cause pelvic inflammatory disease
Mucopurulent discharge common
Increased urge to urinate
Swelling or redness at the tip of the penis
A persistent sore throat
Swelling or pain in the testi
What is syphilis
Bacterial
Small painless sores and ulcers
Blotchy red rash affecting the palms of the palms of the hands or soles of
the feet.
Small skin growths on the
vulva or anus
Constitutional signs of
infect
testosterone location and function
location: interstitial cells
function: Stimulates spermatogenesis
* Promotes & regulates the
development of secondary
sexual characteristics
* Associated with sex drive
levels
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) location and function
location: Pituitary gland
function: Stimulates the production of
sperm cells in the
seminiferous tubules
lutenising hormone (LH) location and function
pituitary gland
Promotes the production of
testosterone by the interstitial
cells
Gonadotrophin-
releasing hormone
(GnRH) location and function
hypothalamus
Stimulates secretion of FSH
& LH
list hormones from anterior pituitary
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Luteinising hormone (LH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Growth hormone (GH)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
what hormones are released from posterior pituitary
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin).
pre-hypogonadism signs
small testes
small penis
small prostate
barely any facial, axillary and pubes
high pitched voice
lack of libido
infertility
gynecomastia
low bone mineral density
low muscle mass, high body fat %
post-hypogonadism signs
=low testosterone
changes in mood
decreased well being
diminished cognitive function
small testes
type 2 diabetes
fatigue
osteoperosis
thinning of facial, axillary and pubic hair
gynecomastia
loss of libido
low bone mineral density
hot flashes
infertility
low muscle mass, high %body fat
erectile disfunction
male pattern baldness
what is gynecomastia
an increase in the amount of breast gland tissue in boys or men
imbalances ce of hormones oestrogen and testosterone
list sexually transmitted infections
gonorrhoea
mumps
granulomatous
syphillis
list disorders of the scrotum
Torsion:
Twisting of the spermatic cord typically cuts off the venous drainage of the testis.
Can lead to infarction
Occurs in 2 settings; Neonatal
Adult - sudden onset of testicular px in adolescent boys
Needs manual untwisting within 6 hours – medical emergency
Cryptorchidism
Failure of the testis to descend (Crypto = hidden, orchis = testis).
Up to 30% of premature newborn’s
If untreated will cause:
- Infertility
- Testicular cancer
list 3 pathological processes of the prostate
inflmmation
benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) MC
tumours
what is benign prostatic hypertrophy
MC benign prostate disease in men >50
30% caucasian men
s&s
urinary obstruction
bladder hypertropgy
urine retention
nocturia
difficulty initiating stopping the flow of urine
dribbling
dyuria
infections
what is Adenocarcinoma
MC form of cancer in men
A disease of aging
70% of males from 70-80 years
Causes; genetic and environmental interplay
S&S:
Early stage is largely asymptomatic and picked
up on - PSA testing
Advanced stage – urinary obstruction
Why has testosterone decreased over recent years?
rising prevalence of obesity as well as the sharp decline in cigarette smoking might help explain their findings, given that testosterone levels are lower among overweight people and smoking increases testosterone levels.
How much is testosterone decreasing each year?
Beginning around age 40, men’s testosterone levels start to gradually drop by about 1 to 2% each year
What can you advise patients to do to increase
testosterone levels?
A combination of aerobic (increase in heart rate) and resistance (weightlifting) training has been found to increase the production of testosterone
list risk factors for endometrioss
first degree relative with endometriosis
late menopause
low BMI
prolonged mnstruation
shorter menstrual cycle
white race
shorter lactation intervals
female hypogonadism
Impaired gonad function
* Primary or secondary
* Leads to oestrogen deficiency and menstrual cycle abnormalities
Clinical Features of Oestrogen Deficiency:
Delayed puberty
Amenorrhoea
Dry, dull skin
Decreased vaginal moisture
Increased fine lines and wrinkles
Small, atrophic breast
Thinning and loss of pubic hair
Osteoporosis
Endocrine Disorders
list placental and gestational disorders
miscarriage)
Defined as pregnancy loss before 20 weeks of gestation
- Foetal chromosomal anomalies
- Maternal endocrine factors
- Physical defects of the uterus
- HT/Coagulopathies
- Infections
Ectopic pregnancy
- Implantation of the foetus in a site other the the normal intrauterine location ( 90% cases is the
extrauterine fallopian tube)
- PID/appendectomy are predisposing factors
