Week 2- Haemodynamic Dysfunction Flashcards
Define haemodynamics
the factors that govern blood flow
dependent upon the relationship between cardiac output, blood pressure and resistance
What carries blood (oxygenated) to the rest o the body
Aorta
How do we work out cardiac output
HR X SV
Stroke volume = diastole end volume of blood- systole end vol of blood.
What can affect stroke volume
Venous return = pathological conditions (build up in vessels)
Exercise
Contraction= preload, calcium - thyroid disease of noradrenalin all affecting ca2+ (effecting hb) electrolyte imbalances.
Ejection= vascular resistance (clogged)
What can affect hr
Parasympathetic - vagus nerve
Sympathetic
What is an odema
Localised or generalised accumulation of fluid in interstitial space
Outside both the vascular fluid and cellular fluid compartments (in interstitium)
Where can odema occur
Hydrothorax: within thorax, around lungs; also pleural effusion
Hydropericardium: Fluid in the pericardial sac
Hydroperitoneum or ascites: Fluid in the peritoneal cavity
What factors affect intravasvular and interstitial water movement
:
• Increased hydrostatic pressure: Impaired venous return i.e. DVT
• Reduced plasma osmotic pressure (hypo-proteinaemia): Liver cirrhosis,
nephrotic syndrome
• Lymphatic Obstruction: Trauma, fibrosis, neoplastic or post-surgical
• Sodium & Water Retention: Excessive salt intake with renal insufficiency
• Inflammation: Acute or chronic
• Decreased blood volume: Trauma
When would fluid accumulate
When movement of water in tissues (or body cavities) exceeds lymphatic drainage
List types of oedema
Pulmonary
Pitting
Renal
Periorbital
Lymphoedema (red and shiny skin)
Ascites (pregnant looking as in periteneum)
Hyperaemia ( red inflammation.)
Congestion (red or blue)
Describe hyperaemia
Arteriolar dilation causes it
Red tissue due to engorgement of oxygenated blood
Describe hyperaemia
Arteriolar dilation causes it
Red tissue due to engorgement of oxygenated blood
Describe congestion
Passive process from impaired outflow of a tissue
Systemic - cardiac failure
Local congestion- isolated venous obstruction
Blue/ red colour
Deoxygenated hb in affected tissues
Reversible
Compare hyperaemia to congestion
H= active process
C= passive
H= increase blood flow via vasodilation
C-= impaired blood flow
H= during exercise and in inflammation
C= venous obstruction and cardiac failure
H=oxygenated blood is redder
C- deoxygenated blood (cyanosed so blue)
Describe left sided heart failure
Chronic congestion of the lung
Pulmonary congestion and oedema
Caused by aortic valve disease and primary myocardial disease
Feel weak
Not enough blood in body
Blue congestion
Very tired