Pathology Week 1 L1

Question 1

What is the difference between sign + symptom?

Answer 1

Sign = physical sign i.e. Rain symptom = now the patient is feeling

Question 2

What is aetiology

Answer 2

The cause of disease

Question 3

Define patrogenesis

Answer 3

The mechanism of now a disease develops

Question 4

Define pathognomonic

Answer 4

Sign- symptom specifically characteristic or indicative of a particular disease

Question 5

Define idiopamic

Answer 5

Unknown cause

Question 6

What are clinical features

Answer 6

Signs of disease

Question 7

List adaptive cellular responses

Answer 7

Atrophy, normal, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, hypertrophyt (hyperplacia)

Question 8

List causes of pathological
Stimui

Answer 8

Genetic abnormalities, nutritional imbalances, immunologic reactions, endocrine, physical agents, chemical agents, infectious agents, hypoxia

Question 9

What is metoplaasia

Answer 9

A disordered cell
Pre malignant state
Cell changes phenotype to suit the environment

Question 10

What is cell atrophy

Answer 10

Decrease in size of tissue organ
Cellular shrinkage

Question 11

What is cell hypertrophy

Answer 11

Cell size increases

Question 12

What is cell hyperplasia

Answer 12

Cells increase in number
Metabolically active

Question 13

Physiological responses for atrophy

Answer 13

Decreased metabolic activity
- mitochondrial reduction
-autophagy (cell digests it’s own organelles and proteins to recycle nutrients and survive under stress conditions)
-protein degradation (degrade unnecessary or damaged proteins. Reduce cell mass)
- change in gene expression
-loss of function
-reduced blood supply

Question 14

What is a pathological response to cellular atrophy

Answer 14

reduced blood flow
-chronic malnutrition
-denervation (loss of nerve supply)
-lack of endocrine stimulation
-chronic disease (cancer)
-infections or toxins

Question 15

What is a pathologic response to cellular hypertrophy

Answer 15

Cardiac hypertrophy (in response to chronic high bp, muscle thickens to overcome workload)
- hypertrophy in smooth muscle (narrowing airways i.e. asthma )
- renal hypertrophy (kidney disease this can occur in remaining nephrons and mechanisms fail

Question 16

What is a physiological response to cellular hypertrophy

Answer 16

Increased protein synthesis- build more proteins to handle increased stress
-increased organelle content (meeting metabolic demands i.e. increased mitochondria)
-enhanced energy metabolism
-improved function (improved contractile force in skeletal and cardiac muscle)
-altered gene expression
- vascular adjustment (increases blood dlw dialation for more o2 to working tissues)

Question 17

What is a physiological response to cellular hyperplasia

Answer 17

Controlled growth (triggering stimulus in cell is removed)
-increases tissue or organ size. (Pregnancy there is hyperplasia of the uterus)
-increased functional capacity (bone marrow after blood loss for cell production to meet body demand)
-hormonal regulation (endometrial lining if uterus in menstraul cycle

Question 18

What is a pathological response to cellular hyperplasia

Answer 18

Hyperplasia- abnormal increase in number of cels in tissue or organ

Thyroid hyperplasia- enlarged
BPH (prostate hyperplasia)
Atypical hyperplasia - breast tissue I.e. cancer
Psoriasis- damaged epidermis leading to scratchy skin

Question 19

What is a pathological response to cellular metaplasia

Answer 19

Increased cancer risk
Loss of tissue function
Chronic inflammation
Progression to dysplasia

Question 20

What is a physiological response to cellular metaplasia

Answer 20

Inflammation (lungs of smokers epithelial can change in response to inflammation)
-Impaired function (epithelium can change due to acid reflux but loses some qualities of these cells)

Altered function of affected tissues

Increased susceptibility to infections due to loss of specialised cells

Question 21

What is a physiological response to cellular dysplasia

Answer 21

Apoptosis (programmed cell death) to maintain tissue integrity
-inflammation (immune response to abnormal cells)
altered tissue function
potentials cancer progression

Question 22

What is a pathologic response to cellular dysplasia

Answer 22

Progression to cancer in epithelial tissues
-tissue remodelling or scarring (tissue injury can result in ifibrosis)
Chronic inflammation by recognising abnormalcells as abnormal creating an immune response

Necrosis or apoptosis

Question 23

List the stages of apoptosis

Answer 23

Normal cell
Condensation
Fragmentation
Apoptosis bodies

Question 24

What is cell necrosis

Answer 24

Cell injury causing abnormal and uncontrolled cell death which is associated with pathological conditions
May nit be localised
Caused by external or internal injuries
Inflammation is present

Question 25

List types of necrosis

Answer 25

Consultative necrosis
Liquifactive necrosis
Caseous necrosis (TB)
Gangrenous necrosis
Gummatous necrosis
Fibrinoid necrosis

Question 26

What is the difference between pathological and physiological

Answer 26

Patho: what occurs to the body in its diseased state

Physio: the natural process of what is occurring to the cells in the process

Question 27

What is the difference between pathological and physiological

Answer 27

Patho: what occurs to the body in its diseased state

Physio: the natural process of what is occurring to the cells in the process

Question 28

Physiological caused from hyperplasia

Answer 28

Increased tisssue or organ size

Improved functional capacity

Compensation for loss or injury

Question 29

Define metaplasia

Answer 29

A reversible process where a cel changes it’s phenotype to match environment due to stress or injury

Question 30

What is hyperplasia

Answer 30

An increase in number of cells in an organ or a tissue

Question 31

What is dysplasia

Answer 31

Abnormal growth of cells, tissues or organs.

Changes cell shape, size and organisation

Question 32

What is the purpose of metaplasia

Answer 32

An adaptive change so that cell can better suit their enviro ent.

n example is smockers epithelium changing