Pathology Week 1 L1 Flashcards
What is the difference between sign + symptom?
Sign = physical sign i.e. Rain symptom = now the patient is feeling
What is aetiology
The cause of disease
Define patrogenesis
The mechanism of now a disease develops
Define pathognomonic
Sign- symptom specifically characteristic or indicative of a particular disease
Define idiopamic
Unknown cause
What are clinical features
Signs of disease
List adaptive cellular responses
Atrophy, normal, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, hypertrophyt (hyperplacia)
List causes of pathological
Stimui
Genetic abnormalities, nutritional imbalances, immunologic reactions, endocrine, physical agents, chemical agents, infectious agents, hypoxia
What is metoplaasia
A disordered cell
Pre malignant state
Cell changes phenotype to suit the environment
What is cell atrophy
Decrease in size of tissue organ
Cellular shrinkage
What is cell hypertrophy
Cell size increases
What is cell hyperplasia
Cells increase in number
Metabolically active
Physiological responses for atrophy
Decreased metabolic activity
- mitochondrial reduction
-autophagy (cell digests it’s own organelles and proteins to recycle nutrients and survive under stress conditions)
-protein degradation (degrade unnecessary or damaged proteins. Reduce cell mass)
- change in gene expression
-loss of function
-reduced blood supply
What is a pathological response to cellular atrophy
reduced blood flow
-chronic malnutrition
-denervation (loss of nerve supply)
-lack of endocrine stimulation
-chronic disease (cancer)
-infections or toxins
What is a pathologic response to cellular hypertrophy
Cardiac hypertrophy (in response to chronic high bp, muscle thickens to overcome workload)
- hypertrophy in smooth muscle (narrowing airways i.e. asthma )
- renal hypertrophy (kidney disease this can occur in remaining nephrons and mechanisms fail
What is a physiological response to cellular hypertrophy
Increased protein synthesis- build more proteins to handle increased stress
-increased organelle content (meeting metabolic demands i.e. increased mitochondria)
-enhanced energy metabolism
-improved function (improved contractile force in skeletal and cardiac muscle)
-altered gene expression
- vascular adjustment (increases blood dlw dialation for more o2 to working tissues)
What is a physiological response to cellular hyperplasia
Controlled growth (triggering stimulus in cell is removed)
-increases tissue or organ size. (Pregnancy there is hyperplasia of the uterus)
-increased functional capacity (bone marrow after blood loss for cell production to meet body demand)
-hormonal regulation (endometrial lining if uterus in menstraul cycle
What is a pathological response to cellular hyperplasia
Hyperplasia- abnormal increase in number of cels in tissue or organ
Thyroid hyperplasia- enlarged
BPH (prostate hyperplasia)
Atypical hyperplasia - breast tissue I.e. cancer
Psoriasis- damaged epidermis leading to scratchy skin
What is a pathological response to cellular metaplasia
Increased cancer risk
Loss of tissue function
Chronic inflammation
Progression to dysplasia
What is a physiological response to cellular metaplasia
Inflammation (lungs of smokers epithelial can change in response to inflammation)
-Impaired function (epithelium can change due to acid reflux but loses some qualities of these cells)
Altered function of affected tissues
Increased susceptibility to infections due to loss of specialised cells
What is a physiological response to cellular dysplasia
Apoptosis (programmed cell death) to maintain tissue integrity
-inflammation (immune response to abnormal cells)
altered tissue function
potentials cancer progression
What is a pathologic response to cellular dysplasia
Progression to cancer in epithelial tissues
-tissue remodelling or scarring (tissue injury can result in ifibrosis)
Chronic inflammation by recognising abnormalcells as abnormal creating an immune response
Necrosis or apoptosis
List the stages of apoptosis
Normal cell
Condensation
Fragmentation
Apoptosis bodies
What is cell necrosis
Cell injury causing abnormal and uncontrolled cell death which is associated with pathological conditions
May nit be localised
Caused by external or internal injuries
Inflammation is present
List types of necrosis
Consultative necrosis
Liquifactive necrosis
Caseous necrosis (TB)
Gangrenous necrosis
Gummatous necrosis
Fibrinoid necrosis
What is the difference between pathological and physiological
Patho: what occurs to the body in its diseased state
Physio: the natural process of what is occurring to the cells in the process
What is the difference between pathological and physiological
Patho: what occurs to the body in its diseased state
Physio: the natural process of what is occurring to the cells in the process
Physiological caused from hyperplasia
Increased tisssue or organ size
Improved functional capacity
Compensation for loss or injury
Define metaplasia
A reversible process where a cel changes it’s phenotype to match environment due to stress or injury
What is hyperplasia
An increase in number of cells in an organ or a tissue
What is dysplasia
Abnormal growth of cells, tissues or organs.
Changes cell shape, size and organisation
What is the purpose of metaplasia
An adaptive change so that cell can better suit their enviro ent.
n example is smockers epithelium changing
Function of phagocytes and cells in humeral response
Macrophages: Engulf and digest pathogens and debris.
Neutrophils: Rapidly recruited to infection sites; phagocytose and kill pathogens.
Dendritic Cells: Capture pathogens and present antigens to adaptive immune cells (link between innate and adaptive immunity).
Macrophages: Engulf and digest pathogens and debris.
Neutrophils: Rapidly recruited to infection sites; phagocytose and kill pathogens.
Dendritic Cells: Capture pathogens and present antigens to adaptive immune cells (link between innate and adaptive immunity).
