Week 10-the Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What is the skin

A

Largest organ
Up to 7 layers

Protective barrier
Prevents loss of moisture
Reduces harmful effects of UV radiation
A sensory organ
Temperature regulation
Metabolic functions

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2
Q

What is the epidermis

A

Outermost layer
5 regions
Waterproof, protective barrier
Made up of stratified squamous epithelial

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3
Q

What is dermis

A

Consists of epithelial tissue
Nerve endings, hair follicles, sweat, sebaceous and apocrine gland, lymph and blood vessels

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4
Q

What is the subcutaneous fatty tissue

A

Attaches skin to underlining bone and muscle
Supplies w blood vessels and nerves

Consists of lose ct, adipose tissue and elastin

Main cell types are fibroblasts, macrophages, adiopctes

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5
Q

What is vitiligo

A

Disorders of pigmentation

Hypopigmentation: vitiligo
Chronic depigmentation skin disorder
1-2% people
1/3 in childhood
Autoimmune t-cell mediated destruction of melanocytes
Asymptomatic symmetrical well-demarcated maculae’s of complete pigment loss

Affects face, genetalia and bony prominences

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6
Q

List acute inflammations

A

Urticaria- allergic/heat rash
Acute eczema- triad with asthma and hay fever
25% children have eczema
Lichen sclerosis- eczma for a while, thicker white spots
Erythema multiforme- patches of rashes

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7
Q

What is urticaria (hives)

A

Type 1 sensitivity
Short lived, itchy swelling
Erythematous plaques and papules
Caused by infections, drugs, allergens and physical triggers (friction, sweating)
Usually on trunk or extremities

Antibody- mast cell degranulation- inflammation

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8
Q

Describe acute eczema

A

eczema
• Greek “to boil over”
• 3 types:
1. Allergic contact dermatitis
2. atopic dermatitis
3. Drug-related eczematous dermatitis
• Type IV hypersensitivity

Initial exposure to antigen:
Antigen processed by Langerhans cells
and presented to T cells in lymph node;
T-cell activation & memory cells
Re-exposure to antigen:

Quick (memory T-cells) response leads
to inflammation, urticaria, erythema, wet
eczema

Persistence of antigen stimulation
Chronic Inflammation
Acanthosis, hyperkeratosis
(lic

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9
Q

What is a strawberry haemangioma

A

A skin birth mark that is Jon-cancerous tumours which will eventually fade

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10
Q

What is Mongolian blue spot

A

A birth mark on mixed race babies
Sacral region
3-5 mark disappears

Dermal melanocytosis

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11
Q

What is erythema multiforme

A

Self-limited hypersensitivity reaction to:
• Infections: Herpes simplex, mycoplasm
• Drug exposure: Penicillin, antimalarials
• Cancer: Carcinoma, lymphoma
• Collagen vascular diseases: SLE, dermatomyositis
 Multiple forms; macules, papules, vesicles, bullae

Red bullseye look

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12
Q

List chronic inflammation

A

Chronic eczma
Psorariasis
Lichen planus

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13
Q

What is psoriasis

A

Multifactorial: genetic & Immune
• Strong association to HLA-C
• Sensitized T-cells infiltrate the skin and secrete cytokines and
growth factors
 Inflammation
 Increased cell turnover
 Vascular proliferation and angiogenesis
• Multisystem disorder:
- Arthritis, Myopathy, enteropathy, immunodeficiency

S&S
Chronic, real urgent
Afffectimg elbows, knees, scalp, lumbosacral, interglteal cleft and glans penis

Demarcated salmon coloured plaque loosely covering body. Silver-white scale
Often in hair line

Nail changes in 30%.

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14
Q

What is lichen planus

A

6 P’s
Pruritic (itchy), purple, polygonal, planar, papules, plaques

1/100 people
F>M
40
Resolves itself 1-2 years
Patho genesis is unknown

S
Oral lesions
Gingivitis (mouth ulcers)
Persistent ulcers

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15
Q

What is impetigo

A

Superficial Bacterial infection
Highly contagious
Frequently seen in health children
Exposes skin
Oozing blister, serous exudate, scale crust (scab)

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16
Q

What is cellulitis

A

Bacterial superficial and deep infection of dermis and subcutaneous tissue
Fever and malaise
Affects lower leg, arm and may spread proximally

17
Q

What is actinic keratoses

A

Common on sun exposed areas of fair skinned individual later in life

Scaly, erythemaytoius papules and patches

Feel rough
Sun damage
Premalignant
Hypereratosis
Ulceration
Crusting
Dysplasia

18
Q

What is a basal cell carcinoma

A

Mc form of skin cancer
Incidence increasing 10% a year worldwide

Clinically
Slowly enlarging, pearly or shiny nodule on the head or neck
Bleeds with minor trauma
Fails to heal
Telangiectasia

19
Q

What is Squamous cell cercinoma

A

2nd mc skin cancer
UV induced
Older people
Higher metastatic potention
Tobacco, radiation
Non-symmetrical
Margins can blend in

20
Q

What is malignant melanoma

A

80% skin cancer deaths
Increases with age but can affect young people too

Raise factors:
Fair hair
Family hx
Immunosupression
Multiple naevi

Non-symmetrical
Not well demarcated (no clear border)
Different colours

21
Q

What infection affects patients bilaterally in the back dermatome region?

A

Shingles

22
Q

List the ABCDE for tumours

A

Asymmetry (unmatched)

Border (uneven)
Blood supply

Colour (2+)

Diameter (6mm +)

Evolution (change in size, shape, colour)

23
Q

List autoimmune diseases

A

Lupus erythematosus
Scaly, strophic plaques. Butterfly across nose, mistaken for rosella

Dermatomyositis
Lilac colour rash, itching and odema around eyes

Scleroderma
Thickening of skin due to abnormal collagen