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Pathophysiology Year 2 > Week 4- Neoplasm > Flashcards

Week 4- Neoplasm Flashcards

1
Q

Tumour definitions

A

Swelling caused by inflammation

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2
Q

Neoplasia definition

A

New growth

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3
Q

Define neoplasm

A

A collection if cells and stroke composing of new growths

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4
Q

What is an oncogene

A

Genes that help cells grow

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5
Q

What is a tumour suppressor gene

A

Gene that slow cell division, repair DNA or promote apoptosis

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6
Q

Mesenchymal stem cells vs hematopoiteic stem cells

A

M= multipotent stromal cells can differentiate into a variety of cells like osteoblasts, condor types, myocytes, adipocytes

H= stem cells give rise to other blood cells

M=occur in bone marrow, adipose tissues
H= occur mainly in bone marrow of pelvis, femur,sternum

M=differentiate into different cells like CT, muscle tissue, lymph tissue. Neurons, bone, cartilage, muscles, fat tissue
H= blood cells, WBC, RBC, platelets

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7
Q

Benign vs malignant tumours

A

B= slow
Exophytic (growing out the tissue it originates from)
May stop growing
Well differentiated
Well circumscribed and regular
Rarely present mitosis
Never invade
Slight harm due to located on effect on host
Typically normal nuclear morphology

localised, non-invasive
Encapsulated
Well defined
Amendable to surgical removal

M= quick
Endophytes (growing into tissues it originates from)
Rarely stops growing
Anaplastic(abnormal, less similarity to normal cells)
Poorly define and irregular
Often present to typical mitosis
Frequent invasion of cells
Significant harm due to invasion and metastasis on host cells
Usually abnormal, hyperchromtic, enlarged, irregular border and pleomorphic
spreading, invasive
Destructive

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8
Q

Can benign tumours be harmful

A

Yes, these tumours can be pressed on important organs affecting their function

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9
Q

What is a Teratoma

A

A rare tumour that contain fully developed tissues and organs including hair, muscles, teeth, bone.

Sacrococcygeal teratoma is the MC tumour found in newborns and children

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10
Q

What is a Teratoma

A

A rare tumour that contain fully developed tissues and organs including hair, muscles, teeth, bone.

Sacrococcygeal teratoma is the MC tumour found in newborns and children

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11
Q

What is a neuroblastoma

A

Rare, specialised nerve cells common in children under 5.
MC location is adrenal glands followed by spinal cord issues, neck, chest, tummy , pelvis

Clinical features are: swollen painful tummy, difficulty peeing, fatigue, diffulut swallowing, breathlessness, pale skin, loss of appetite, bone pain,irritability, jerky eye, constipation

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12
Q

What is retinoblastoma

A

Most common introcular malignant cancer of childhood.
Children often present with strabismus (cross eyes)
Leukocorcia (Light reflection)
Amblyopia (lazy eye)

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13
Q

How are neoplasms characterised

A

Rate of growth (proliferate more rapidly, M faster than B)
Cancer phenotype and stem cells
Clinical and gross features
Microscopic features
Local invasion (direct spread)
Metastasis (distant spread)

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14
Q

What is differentiation

A

Refers to the extent which neoplasticism parenchyma cells resemble the corresponding parenchyma normal cells.
A lack of differentiation is called anaplasia and is the hallmark of malignant transformation

Well differentiated= benign

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15
Q

List characteristics of tumours

A
  1. Disobey the growth controls – proliferate rapidly
  2. Escape the death signals – immortality
  3. Imbalance between cell proliferation and cell death – excessive growth
  4. Lose differentiation properties – no function
  5. Are unstable – newer mutations
  6. Overrun their neighbouring tissues – invade locally
  7. Have the ability to travel from site of origin to other parts of the body – distance metastasis
  8. Plasticity
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16
Q

What is metaplasia

A

•:
• Replacement of one type of cell
with another type.
• Almost always found in
association with tissue damage,
repair and regeneration

17
Q

What is dysplasia

A

:
• “Disordered growth”
• Disordered cellular development
(pleomorphism, mito

18
Q

In men what is most common cancers

A

Prostate (27%)
Lung (13%)
Colorectal (12%)

19
Q

What is most common cancer in women

A

Breast (30%)
Lung (13%)
Bowel (10%)

20
Q

Adenocarcionoma (lung cancer) signs

A

85%)
•A cough that does not go away or gets worse
•Haemoptysis- coughing up blood
•Dyspnoea
•Hoarseness
•Loss of appetite
•Unexplained weight loss
•SOB
•Fatigue
•Infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia that don’t go away or keep coming
back
•New onset of wheezing
•Bone pain
•CNS changes (such as headache, weakness or numbness of an arm or leg,
dizziness, balance problem or seizures
Jaundice- yelloweness
Swelling of lymph nodes (pancoast tumour- any in apex of lung)

21
Q

Colorectal cancer signs

A

Change in bowel habits
Bleeding from anus
Blood in stoo;
Abdominal pain
Loss of agitate
Lethargy
Pale or jaundice
Unexplained weight loss

22
Q

List acquired predisposing conditions

A

Chronic inflammation
Precursor legions
Immunodeficiency
Genetic abnormalities

23
Q

What genes help the cell cycle

A

Oncogenes
Tumour suppressor genes

24
Q

List the hallmarks of cancer

A
  1. Self-sufficiency in growth signals (oncogenes)
  2. Insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals (tumour suppressing genes inhibited)
  3. Altered cellular metabolisms (aerobic glycolysis)
  4. Evasion of apoptosis (induce autophagy)
  5. Limitless replicative potential (evasion of cell death, apoptosis)
  6. Sustained angiogenesis
  7. Ability to invade and metastasize
  8. Ability to evade the host immune response
25
Q

Signs and systems CAUTION

A

C- change in Bowel/ bladder
A- a sore throat that doesn’t heal
U- unusual bleeding of discharge
T- thickening or a lump
I- indigestion or difficulty swallowing
O- change in wart or mole
N- nagging cough or hoarseness

26
Q

What occur in the cell cycle

A

Interphase
G1
Cellgrowth and synthesis proteins and organelles

S phase
DNA replication occurs
Each chromosome constrict of 2 sister chromatids held together by a centromere

G2
Cell grows and prepares for mitosis
Synthesises protein for mitosis

M phase
Mitosis occurs and cells nucleus is divided, chromosomes end in opposite poles
Nuclear envelope forms around each diet of chromosomes

Cytokineses
Cytoplasm divides
2 distinct daughter cells formed

27
Q

What is the difference between neoplasm and tumour

A

A tumour is used to describe an abnormal swelling lumps or mass, a neoplasm is an abnormal uncontrolled growth of cells and is the process in which a tumour is formed

28
Q

Why does cancer primarily affect older people rather than younger people

A

Over time random genetic mutations accumulate. In younger people less time for such mutations to accumulate.
Older peoples body age and natural ability to repair damaged DNA loses efficiency due to environmental factors (UV) or internal processes.
In younger people immune system is more effective, older its function declines

29
Q

Is cancer a hereditary disease

A

It can be but not all cancers are. Some cancers are linked to genetic mutations and are inherited making them hereditary cancers. such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in breast cancer.
however sporadic cancers caused by environmental factors are not genetically inherited and is just caused by random mutations.

30
Q

What would you expect cells to be like if they did nit have a properly functioning p53?

A

The p53 protein is a tumour suppressor gene that helps in the cell cycle, DNA repair and apoptosis.

Without cells would lose their regulatory mechanisms leading to uncontrolled cell growth and increased mutation rates.

In G1 p53 ensures cells with damaged DNA does not progress to Sphase , without proliferation of genetically unstable cells increasing likelihood of cancer development

31
Q

How do cancer cels spread through the human body

A

Metastasis
Local invasion occurs where Cancer breaks away from primary tumour and invades surrounding tissue using enxymes.

Intrvasation occurs where cancer cells enter circulatory systems like bloodstream, lymphatic system.

Circulation. Cancer can clump or bind to platelets
Tavel as circulating tumour cells

Extravasation
Exit circulatory systems and establish a new tumour in an organ or tissue

32
Q

Do cancer cells require the right signal to divide

A

Yes but they can ignore or override the usual o regulatory systems that control cell division.

33
Q

What are the disadvantages to traditional cancer treatments

A

chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery, have been the mainstays of cancer treatment for decades.
they come with several significant disadvantages and side effects that can impact patients’ quality of life.

Chemo can affect healthy cells such as bone marrow
Radiation can harm nearby tissue such as vital organs

34
Q

What cellular changes cause a cancer cell to develop

A

Genetic mutations and cellular changes that disrupt normal regulatory mechanism for cel grworth, division and death. Allowing cell to divide uncontrollably, avoid cell death and invade other tissues leading to the formation of a tumour.

Mutations of oncogenes and p53 prevent cells undergoing apoptosis, allow formation of cells with damaged DNA, allow excessive growth and division

35
Q

What is the Warburg effect

A

The observation that cancer cells rely on glycolysis for energy production, even in the presence of suffiecnt o2. This shift occurs even tho glycolysis is less efficient in terms of ATP production

Cancer cells exhibit a high rate of glucose uptake and glycolysis even when o2 is avaible

Pathophysiology Year 2 (15 decks)

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