Week 4- Neoplasm Flashcards
Tumour definitions
Swelling caused by inflammation
Neoplasia definition
New growth
Define neoplasm
A collection if cells and stroke composing of new growths
What is an oncogene
Genes that help cells grow
What is a tumour suppressor gene
Gene that slow cell division, repair DNA or promote apoptosis
Mesenchymal stem cells vs hematopoiteic stem cells
M= multipotent stromal cells can differentiate into a variety of cells like osteoblasts, condor types, myocytes, adipocytes
H= stem cells give rise to other blood cells
M=occur in bone marrow, adipose tissues
H= occur mainly in bone marrow of pelvis, femur,sternum
M=differentiate into different cells like CT, muscle tissue, lymph tissue. Neurons, bone, cartilage, muscles, fat tissue
H= blood cells, WBC, RBC, platelets
Benign vs malignant tumours
B= slow
Exophytic (growing out the tissue it originates from)
May stop growing
Well differentiated
Well circumscribed and regular
Rarely present mitosis
Never invade
Slight harm due to located on effect on host
Typically normal nuclear morphology
localised, non-invasive
Encapsulated
Well defined
Amendable to surgical removal
M= quick
Endophytes (growing into tissues it originates from)
Rarely stops growing
Anaplastic(abnormal, less similarity to normal cells)
Poorly define and irregular
Often present to typical mitosis
Frequent invasion of cells
Significant harm due to invasion and metastasis on host cells
Usually abnormal, hyperchromtic, enlarged, irregular border and pleomorphic
spreading, invasive
Destructive
Can benign tumours be harmful
Yes, these tumours can be pressed on important organs affecting their function
What is a Teratoma
A rare tumour that contain fully developed tissues and organs including hair, muscles, teeth, bone.
Sacrococcygeal teratoma is the MC tumour found in newborns and children
What is a Teratoma
A rare tumour that contain fully developed tissues and organs including hair, muscles, teeth, bone.
Sacrococcygeal teratoma is the MC tumour found in newborns and children
What is a neuroblastoma
Rare, specialised nerve cells common in children under 5.
MC location is adrenal glands followed by spinal cord issues, neck, chest, tummy , pelvis
Clinical features are: swollen painful tummy, difficulty peeing, fatigue, diffulut swallowing, breathlessness, pale skin, loss of appetite, bone pain,irritability, jerky eye, constipation
What is retinoblastoma
Most common introcular malignant cancer of childhood.
Children often present with strabismus (cross eyes)
Leukocorcia (Light reflection)
Amblyopia (lazy eye)
How are neoplasms characterised
Rate of growth (proliferate more rapidly, M faster than B)
Cancer phenotype and stem cells
Clinical and gross features
Microscopic features
Local invasion (direct spread)
Metastasis (distant spread)
What is differentiation
Refers to the extent which neoplasticism parenchyma cells resemble the corresponding parenchyma normal cells.
A lack of differentiation is called anaplasia and is the hallmark of malignant transformation
Well differentiated= benign
List characteristics of tumours
- Disobey the growth controls – proliferate rapidly
- Escape the death signals – immortality
- Imbalance between cell proliferation and cell death – excessive growth
- Lose differentiation properties – no function
- Are unstable – newer mutations
- Overrun their neighbouring tissues – invade locally
- Have the ability to travel from site of origin to other parts of the body – distance metastasis
- Plasticity