Week 4- Neoplasm

Question 1

Tumour definitions

Answer 1

Swelling caused by inflammation

Question 2

Neoplasia definition

Answer 2

New growth

Question 3

Define neoplasm

Answer 3

A collection if cells and stroke composing of new growths

Question 4

What is an oncogene

Answer 4

Genes that help cells grow

Question 5

What is a tumour suppressor gene

Answer 5

Gene that slow cell division, repair DNA or promote apoptosis

Question 6

Mesenchymal stem cells vs hematopoiteic stem cells

Answer 6

M= multipotent stromal cells can differentiate into a variety of cells like osteoblasts, condor types, myocytes, adipocytes

H= stem cells give rise to other blood cells

M=occur in bone marrow, adipose tissues
H= occur mainly in bone marrow of pelvis, femur,sternum

M=differentiate into different cells like CT, muscle tissue, lymph tissue. Neurons, bone, cartilage, muscles, fat tissue
H= blood cells, WBC, RBC, platelets

Question 7

Benign vs malignant tumours

Answer 7

B= slow
Exophytic (growing out the tissue it originates from)
May stop growing
Well differentiated
Well circumscribed and regular
Rarely present mitosis
Never invade
Slight harm due to located on effect on host
Typically normal nuclear morphology

localised, non-invasive
Encapsulated
Well defined
Amendable to surgical removal

M= quick
Endophytes (growing into tissues it originates from)
Rarely stops growing
Anaplastic(abnormal, less similarity to normal cells)
Poorly define and irregular
Often present to typical mitosis
Frequent invasion of cells
Significant harm due to invasion and metastasis on host cells
Usually abnormal, hyperchromtic, enlarged, irregular border and pleomorphic
spreading, invasive
Destructive

Question 8

Can benign tumours be harmful

Answer 8

Yes, these tumours can be pressed on important organs affecting their function

Question 9

What is a Teratoma

Answer 9

A rare tumour that contain fully developed tissues and organs including hair, muscles, teeth, bone.

Sacrococcygeal teratoma is the MC tumour found in newborns and children

Question 10

What is a Teratoma

Answer 10

A rare tumour that contain fully developed tissues and organs including hair, muscles, teeth, bone.

Sacrococcygeal teratoma is the MC tumour found in newborns and children

Question 11

What is a neuroblastoma

Answer 11

Rare, specialised nerve cells common in children under 5.
MC location is adrenal glands followed by spinal cord issues, neck, chest, tummy , pelvis

Clinical features are: swollen painful tummy, difficulty peeing, fatigue, diffulut swallowing, breathlessness, pale skin, loss of appetite, bone pain,irritability, jerky eye, constipation

Question 12

What is retinoblastoma

Answer 12

Most common introcular malignant cancer of childhood.
Children often present with strabismus (cross eyes)
Leukocorcia (Light reflection)
Amblyopia (lazy eye)

Question 13

How are neoplasms characterised

Answer 13

Rate of growth (proliferate more rapidly, M faster than B)
Cancer phenotype and stem cells
Clinical and gross features
Microscopic features
Local invasion (direct spread)
Metastasis (distant spread)

Question 14

What is differentiation

Answer 14

Refers to the extent which neoplasticism parenchyma cells resemble the corresponding parenchyma normal cells.
A lack of differentiation is called anaplasia and is the hallmark of malignant transformation

Well differentiated= benign

Question 15

List characteristics of tumours

Answer 15

1. Disobey the growth controls – proliferate rapidly
2. Escape the death signals – immortality
3. Imbalance between cell proliferation and cell death – excessive growth
4. Lose differentiation properties – no function
5. Are unstable – newer mutations
6. Overrun their neighbouring tissues – invade locally
7. Have the ability to travel from site of origin to other parts of the body – distance metastasis
8. Plasticity

Question 16

What is metaplasia

Answer 16

•:
• Replacement of one type of cell
with another type.
• Almost always found in
association with tissue damage,
repair and regeneration

Question 17

What is dysplasia

Answer 17

:
• “Disordered growth”
• Disordered cellular development
(pleomorphism, mito

Question 18

In men what is most common cancers

Answer 18

Prostate (27%)
Lung (13%)
Colorectal (12%)

Question 19

What is most common cancer in women

Answer 19

Breast (30%)
Lung (13%)
Bowel (10%)

Question 20

Adenocarcionoma (lung cancer) signs

Answer 20

85%)
•A cough that does not go away or gets worse
•Haemoptysis- coughing up blood
•Dyspnoea
•Hoarseness
•Loss of appetite
•Unexplained weight loss
•SOB
•Fatigue
•Infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia that don’t go away or keep coming
back
•New onset of wheezing
•Bone pain
•CNS changes (such as headache, weakness or numbness of an arm or leg,
dizziness, balance problem or seizures
Jaundice- yelloweness
Swelling of lymph nodes (pancoast tumour- any in apex of lung)

Question 21

Colorectal cancer signs

Answer 21

Change in bowel habits
Bleeding from anus
Blood in stoo;
Abdominal pain
Loss of agitate
Lethargy
Pale or jaundice
Unexplained weight loss

Question 22

List acquired predisposing conditions

Answer 22

Chronic inflammation
Precursor legions
Immunodeficiency
Genetic abnormalities

Question 23

What genes help the cell cycle

Answer 23

Oncogenes
Tumour suppressor genes

Question 24

List the hallmarks of cancer

Answer 24

1. Self-sufficiency in growth signals (oncogenes)
2. Insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals (tumour suppressing genes inhibited)
3. Altered cellular metabolisms (aerobic glycolysis)
4. Evasion of apoptosis (induce autophagy)
5. Limitless replicative potential (evasion of cell death, apoptosis)
6. Sustained angiogenesis
7. Ability to invade and metastasize
8. Ability to evade the host immune response

Question 25

Signs and systems CAUTION

Answer 25

C- change in Bowel/ bladder A- a sore throat that doesn’t heal U- unusual bleeding of discharge T- thickening or a lump I- indigestion or difficulty swallowing O- change in wart or mole N- nagging cough or hoarseness

Question 26

What occur in the cell cycle

Answer 26

Interphase G1 Cellgrowth and synthesis proteins and organelles S phase DNA replication occurs Each chromosome constrict of 2 sister chromatids held together by a centromere G2 Cell grows and prepares for mitosis Synthesises protein for mitosis M phase Mitosis occurs and cells nucleus is divided, chromosomes end in opposite poles Nuclear envelope forms around each diet of chromosomes Cytokineses Cytoplasm divides 2 distinct daughter cells formed

Question 27

What is the difference between neoplasm and tumour

Answer 27

A tumour is used to describe an abnormal swelling lumps or mass, a neoplasm is an abnormal uncontrolled growth of cells and is the process in which a tumour is formed

Question 28

Why does cancer primarily affect older people rather than younger people

Answer 28

Over time random genetic mutations accumulate. In younger people less time for such mutations to accumulate. Older peoples body age and natural ability to repair damaged DNA loses efficiency due to environmental factors (UV) or internal processes. In younger people immune system is more effective, older its function declines

Question 29

Is cancer a hereditary disease

Answer 29

It can be but not all cancers are. Some cancers are linked to genetic mutations and are inherited making them hereditary cancers. such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in breast cancer. however sporadic cancers caused by environmental factors are not genetically inherited and is just caused by random mutations.

Question 30

What would you expect cells to be like if they did nit have a properly functioning p53?

Answer 30

The p53 protein is a tumour suppressor gene that helps in the cell cycle, DNA repair and apoptosis. Without cells would lose their regulatory mechanisms leading to uncontrolled cell growth and increased mutation rates. In G1 p53 ensures cells with damaged DNA does not progress to Sphase , without proliferation of genetically unstable cells increasing likelihood of cancer development

Question 31

How do cancer cels spread through the human body

Answer 31

Metastasis Local invasion occurs where Cancer breaks away from primary tumour and invades surrounding tissue using enxymes. Intrvasation occurs where cancer cells enter circulatory systems like bloodstream, lymphatic system. Circulation. Cancer can clump or bind to platelets Tavel as circulating tumour cells Extravasation Exit circulatory systems and establish a new tumour in an organ or tissue

Question 32

Do cancer cells require the right signal to divide

Answer 32

Yes but they can ignore or override the usual o regulatory systems that control cell division.

Question 33

What are the disadvantages to traditional cancer treatments

Answer 33

chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery, have been the mainstays of cancer treatment for decades. they come with several significant disadvantages and side effects that can impact patients’ quality of life. Chemo can affect healthy cells such as bone marrow Radiation can harm nearby tissue such as vital organs

Question 34

What cellular changes cause a cancer cell to develop

Answer 34

Genetic mutations and cellular changes that disrupt normal regulatory mechanism for cel grworth, division and death. Allowing cell to divide uncontrollably, avoid cell death and invade other tissues leading to the formation of a tumour. Mutations of oncogenes and p53 prevent cells undergoing apoptosis, allow formation of cells with damaged DNA, allow excessive growth and division

Question 35

What is the Warburg effect

Answer 35

The observation that cancer cells rely on glycolysis for energy production, even in the presence of suffiecnt o2. This shift occurs even tho glycolysis is less efficient in terms of ATP production Cancer cells exhibit a high rate of glucose uptake and glycolysis even when o2 is avaible