Week 11- Endocrine System

Question 1

What is hashimoto thyroiditis

Answer 1

Autoimmune
Goitre and lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid
Mc areas where idione levels are sufficient
45-60
F>M 10:1

Feeling of pressure in throat

Question 2

What is global hystericus

Answer 2

Feel like there’s a lump in your throat
Anxiety caused

Question 3

Hypoparathyroidism

Answer 3

• Less common
• Usually surgically induced
S&S
• Tetany (neuromuscular irritability)
• Paraesthesia’s of distal extremities
• Laryngospasm
• Generalised seizures
• Anxiety/depression
• Ocular disease (cataracts ad calcification of lens)
• Dental abnormaliti

Question 4

What is the pancreas

Answer 4

A soft, lobulated and elongated organ
• A gland that is partly exocrine and partly endocrine.
• The exocrine secretes the digestive pancreatic juice.
• The endocrine part secretes hormones e.g. insulin
• Lies posterior to stomach, at the level of L1 and L2
• Consists of Islet of Langerhans cells made up mainly
from:
- β cells: produce insulin which regulates
blood glucose levels
- α cells: secretes glucagon which stimulates
glycogenolysis in the liver and thus increases blood
sugar

Question 5

What is the affect of insulin on blood sugar

Answer 5

It decreases blood sugar levels

Question 6

What is diabetes Mellitus type 1

Answer 6

Autoimmune disease destruction of islet of langerhan cells in genetically predisposed individual

Less common
Insulin deficiency
Childhood or Y/A
MC no family history

Risk Factors
 Maternal age/gestational infection
 Viral infections
 Diet (early introduction to cows milk, Vit D deficiency)
 Environmental toxins
 Childhood obesity
 Psychological stress

Question 7

What is diabetes Mellitus type 2

Answer 7

• MC form of DM
• Accounting for around 90% of cases
• One of the mc non-communicable diseases
• Aetiologies; genetic susceptibility, ageing, low birth weight, obesity, diet,
physical inactivity, urbanisation.
Pathogenesis
 Insulin resistance: Decreased response of peripheral tissues (esp. liver,
skeletal mm) to insulin
 β -cell dysfunction: Inadequate insulin secretion in the face of insulin
resistance and hyperglycaemia

Question 8

Why are the symptoms of diabetes widespread

Answer 8

Because it involves the circulatory system

Question 9

what is a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours

Answer 9

• Tumours of the pancreatic islet cells
• Rare

Hyperinsulinism (Insulinoma)
• Β –cell tumours
• MC pancreatic endocrine tumour
• Produce sufficient insulin to induce clinically significant hypoglycaemia

Gastrinoma (Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome)
• Hypersecretion of gastric acid
• Associated with pancreatic islet cell lesions
• Invasive
• Lead to duodenal and gastric ul

Question 10

What is hypoadrenalaism

Answer 10

Adrenal cortex , adrenal glands on top of both kidneys

Caused by overproduction of 3 major hormones of the adrenal cortex
1. Cushing Syndrome: an excess of cortisol (HYPER)
2. Hyperaldosteronism: a result of excessive aldosterone
3. Adrenogenital or virilizing syndromes: excess of androgen

Question 11

What is Cushing syndrome

Answer 11

• Hypercortisolism
• Mc cause exogenous glucocorticoids (iatrogenic Cushing syndrome)
• ACTH-secreting pituitary tumours account for 60-70% of cases
• F>M, 4:1
• 30-60 years
• Insidious onset
S&S
• Early stages may present with HT and weight gain
• With time, truncal obesity moon face, buffalo hump
• Hyperglycaemia, glucosuria and polydipsia
• Skin – fragile, thin, bruises easily, cutaneous striae on abdomen
• Mood swings, depression, psychosis
• Hirsutism (facial hair)

Question 12

what is adrenal hyperplasia

Answer 12

Excessive production of sex hormones (maily sex hormones)

Question 13

What does addisons disease affect

Answer 13

Adrenal insufficiency as they don’t make enough of certain hormones like cortisol ‘stres hormone’

MC Symptoms
Fatigue
Muscle weakness
Loss of appetite
Weight loss
Abdominal pai

Can be autoimmune disease or suddenly stopping steroid medicines

Question 14

What is Pheochromocytoma

Answer 14

Adrenal Medulla
• Major source of epinephrine and
norepinephrine in the body
• Closely associated with the ANS

Pheochromocytoma
• Neoplasms in adrenal medulla
• A rare cause of surgically correctable HT
• MC sign is HT (90% of patients)
• Paroxysmal episodes – abrupt elevations in
BP associated with tachycardia, H/A,
sweating, tremo

Question 15

What is the pineal gland

Answer 15

Regulates sleep circadian rhythms,
Can affect sexual development and mestural cycle

Releases melatonin

Question 16

What is melatonin deficiency

Answer 16

Insomnia or seasonal effectiveness disorder (SAD)

Anxiety
Elevated oestrogen and progesterone levels
Immune suppressions

Question 17

What is Melatonin excess

Answer 17

Associated with SAD
Lower oestrogen and progesterone levels
Low thyroid and adrenal function
Hypotension- low BP

Question 18

What is the pituitary

Answer 18

Pea shaped gland located at the base of the brain, inferior to hypothalamus.
Regulates crucial bodily functions by secreting hormones that influence other glands in the endocrine system.

2 main lobes:
Anterior lobe (release its own hormones)
Posterior lobe (stores and releases hormones from hypothalamus )

Hormones of anterior pituitary are:
GH: stimulates growth, cell regeneration and reproduction
ACTH: stimulates adrenal glands to release cortisol
TSH: regulates thyroid gland activity
LH: control reproductive process including ovulation and sperm repoducrion
FSH: control reproductive process including ovulation and sperm repoducrion
Prolactin: promotes milk production

hormones of posterior pituitary are:
Oxytocin: childbirth, social bonding

Antiduiretic hormone: regulates water balance by affecting kidneys

Question 19

what does the endocrine system regulate

Answer 19

Metabolism
 Secretion of hormones
 chemical composition and volume of internal environment
 contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle fibres
 Certain activities of the immune system
 Reproduction and growth

Question 20

list 3 classifications of hormones

Answer 20

Autocrine: acts on the signalling cell

• Paracrine: acts on nearby cells
• Endocrine: Uses the circulatory system to
  transport hormones

Question 21

list classifications of glands

Answer 21

Endocrine Glands: Secrete hormones directly
into the blood stream (pituitary, pancreas,
thyroid, adrenal)

• Exocrine Glands: Secrete hormones into ducts
  (sweat, salivary, mammary, stomach, liver)
• Heterocrine Glands: Glands that perform both
  endo and exocrine functions (pancreas)

Question 22

what is the pituitary gland

Answer 22

base of the brain within the sella turcica
* The size of a pea
‘master gland’
controls release of hormones that influence other glands and organs such as the thyroid, adrenal gland, ovaries and testes

anterior and posterior

regulated by signals from the hypothalamus

Question 23

what is the anterior pituitary known as

Answer 23

adenohypophysis

Question 24

what is the posterior pituitary known as

Answer 24

neurohypophysis

neurosecretory cell

Question 25

list some pituitary diseases

Answer 25

hperpituitarism
hypopituitarism

Question 26

what is acromegaly

Answer 26

20-40 years
* Thick lips
* Tongue changes size and
shape
* Protruding jaw
* Heigh, puberty and gonad
development unaffected
* Associated with
cardiovascular effects
including cardiomyopathy,
HT, valve dysfunction,
arrythmias, DM and various
malignancies

Question 27

what is cushings disease

Answer 27

overproduction of cortisol

adrenal tumour or pituitary tumour formed by overproduction of ACTH stimulates this overproduction

thin skin
purple/red stretch narks
muscle wekness
high bp
mood change
irregular period
fatigue
facial hair growth

Question 28

thyroid function

Answer 28

regulates metabolism, growth and development
formation and secretion of thyroid hormones and iodine homeostasis

T4 (Thyroxine) inactive
T3 triiodothyronine (active thryroid hormone)

they regulate
metabolic rate
heart muscke
digestive function
brain development
bone maintenance e

Question 29

signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism

Answer 29

symptoms:
Increased hunger
Weight loss
Heat intolerance
Palpitations
Excessive sweating
Nervousness
Muscle weakness
Asthenia
hyper defectaion
insomnia
hyperactivity

signs:
goitre
tremor
tachacrdyia
warm moist palms
eye wide stare
brisk tension refexes
cardiomegaly
osteoperosis
proximal muscle weakness

Question 30

hypothyroidism

Answer 30

functional derangement that interferes with
the production of thyroid hormone

• Prevalence increases with age
• F>M, 10:1
• Can result from a defect anywhere in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis
• Can be: Primary (intrinsic thyroid abnormality)
  Congenital (iodine deficiency), autoimmune (mc. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis),
  iatrogenic
  Secondary (pituitary or hypothalamic disease)
• Vast majority of case accompanied by goitre enlargement

Question 31

graves disease

Answer 31

hyperthyroidism a form of

goitre
bulging eyes
mc 20-40
f>M

the production of autoantibodies against the TSH receptor

Question 32

what controls calcium

Answer 32

parathyroid glands

Question 33

what cells does the pancreas consist of

Answer 33

level L1, L2
islet of langerhan cells made from

b cells- inulin which regulates blood glucose levels

a cells- secretes glucagon which stimulates gyleogenolysis in liver and increases blood sugar

Question 34

which hormone stimulates sleep

Answer 34

melatonin