Week 5- Cardiac Flashcards
Name layers of the heart from the outside
Pericardium (fibrous)
Myocardium (cardiac muscle)
Epicardium
What sign shows pathological issues of the heart
Altered cardiac output
Leaks in system (plumbing)
Obstruction to flow
Valve problems
Electrical conduction
Most cardiovascular;ar form a complex interplay of genetics and environment
What is congenital heart disease
Structural or functional abnormalities sin the heart that are present at birth
Results in shunting of blood between right and left circulation or cause outflow of blood
Name classifications. of heart failure
Acute cardiac failure= heart attack
Chronic or congestive heart failure = mechanisms trying to maintain CO
What is the difference between systole failure and diastole failure
S= CONTRACTION
D= RELAXATION
S=Ventricles loose ability to contract
normally
D=Ventricles loose ability to relax
S= Myocardium; thin, dilated, compliant
D=myocardium, fibrotic, stuff, thickened and non compliant
S= Stasis of blood behind weakened
ventricle
D=can progress to systolic failure
• Examples:
Myocardial infarction
Dilated cardiomyopathy
M & T valve regurgitation, arrythmia
D= myocardial infarction
Aortic stenosis
Constricted pericarditis
Signs of left sided heart failure
Tired
Cynotic (bluish colour)
High hr
Body not getting enough o2
Pulmonary odema- shallow breath
Increased breathing rate, normal range is 12-20 breaths pm
Night sweats
Confusion
In exercise rapid hr
Dizziness when stand up
What is left sided heart failure caused by
Ischiameic heart disease
Aortic and mitral valve disease
List clinical effects of left SIded heart failure
Statins in left chambers
Passive congestion
Blood backing upo in pulmonary circulation
Inadequate perfusion to downstream tissues leading to organ dysfunction
What is right sided heart failure caused by
Left sided heart failure
Occurs in patients with lung disorders
Clinical effects of right sided hf
Kidney and brain affected
Systemic venous congestion can lead to odema
Signs of right sided heart failure
Fatigue
Odema in ankles and spleen
Struggle to breath due to deoxygenated blood and co2 not unloading
Weight gain
Anorexia and GI distress
Distended jugular veins
Ascites
Enlarged liver and spleen
Peripheral venous pressure incraesed
What is ischaemica heart disease/ coronary artery disease
Imbalance between myocardial supply and cardiac demand for oxygenated blood
If coronary arteries are blocked local ischaemia is where heart muscle isn’t getting enough o2. Leads to that part of heart mot contracting
Years later fibrotic and wont contract. Restricted HB
Name four clinical presentations of ischameic heart disease
Angina pectoris
Myocardial infarction
Chronic IHD
Sudden cardiac death
Name four clinical presentations of ischameic heart disease
Angina pectoris
Myocardial infarction
Chronic IHD
Sudden cardiac death
List angina pectoris
- Stable= induced by activities that increase requirement , pain
- Prinzmental is uncommon caused by a coronary artery spasm not related to energy
- Unstable= increasingly frequent and prolonged over 20min low levels of exercise. Prelude to heart attack
Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator med