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Pathophysiology Year 2 > Week 5-cardiac > Flashcards

Week 5-cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

What is stenosis and what does stenosis lead to

A

Failure of valve fully opened g, obstructing forward flow

Leads to pressure overload cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure

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2
Q

What is regurgitation and what does it lead to

A

Failure of a valve to close completely, allowing regurgitation back flow of blood

Leads to volume overload and heart failure

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3
Q

What are the most common valve issues

A

Aortic stenosis- calcification of aortic valve

Aortic insufficiency- dilation of ascending aorta

Mitral stenosis- rheumatic heart disease

Mitral insufficiency- LV dilation

Murmurs and thrills present

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4
Q

Heart valve disease signs and symptoms

A

Fluttering chest sensation

Chest pain (angina)

Short of breath

Fatigue or weakness

Tired

Malar flush (red cheeks)

Rapid weight

Lightheadedness

Coughing

Swollen ankles

Abdominal boating

Rapid weight gain

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5
Q

What is rheumatic fever

A

An acute inflammation mediated disease

Starts with a throat infection that isn’t treated and travels to the heart

May progress to chronic rheumatic heart disease : deforming fibrotic valvular disease

Erythema marginatum (skin rash)
Sydenham chorea (flexed extremities)

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6
Q

What is pancarditis

A

When endocardium, myocardium and pyocardium are all inflamed

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7
Q

What is infective endocarditis

A

Area of infection of the aortic valve caused by bacterial endocarditis

Fever
Night sweats
Bone and muscle pain
Oslers nodes
Splinter haemorrhages
Positive blood culture
Low grade fever

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8
Q

What is systolic failure

A

Ability of hearts contraction is compared

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9
Q

What is dilated cardiomyopathy

A

Disease where left ventricle becomes enlarged and weakened
Leads to impaired contraction therefore systolic failure

Caused by genetic factors, infections, toxins, autoimmune and isopathic

Shortness of breath, fatigue and weakness, odema from legs down, fainting, murmurs, consistent cough, irregular hb and chest pain

REDUCED CO
LEADS TO R SIDED HF

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10
Q

What is myocarditis

A

Inflammation of myocardium

Can cause shock and sudden death

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11
Q

What is restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

Disease of the heart that impairs diastolic filling and stretch
Diastolic system unaffected

Aetiology known

Fatigue, exercise intolerance, abdominal swelling, uneven pulse, chest pain, breathing issues, cough

REDUCED CP
Blood back up to R side leading to failure
HR increase
Vasoconstriction

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12
Q

What is restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

Disease of the heart that impairs diastolic filling and stretch
Diastolic system unaffected

Aetiology known

Fatigue, exercise intolerance, abdominal swelling, uneven pulse, chest pain, breathing issues, cough

REDUCED CP
Blood back up to R side leading to failure
HR increase
Vasoconstriction

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13
Q

What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Asymmetric LV hypertrophy without ventrical dilation leading to abnormal diastole filling and outflow obstruction

Men between 30-40
In young athletes
Unknown cause

Fatigue]
Angina- tightness in the heart
Murmurs
Decreased CO

Systolic and diastolic failure
CO decrease]]]

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14
Q

What is pericardial disease

A

Pericardium sac that surrounds the heart

Acute (produced by non-infectious inflammatory disease)

chronic (plaque like fibrous thickening of the membrane that affects the cardiac function

pericardial effusion (rapidly increasing fluid)and

cardiac tampondae (fluid fills so ventricles can’t expand)

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15
Q

Diastole definition

A

Relaxation and expansion of the hearts chambers and ventricles after contraction

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16
Q

Systole definition

A

Ventricular contraction which allows the blood to be pumped out of the heart

17
Q

Pulse pressure definition

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure

Force generated by the heart

Systole- diastole

18
Q

Stroke volume definition

A

The amount if blood pumped out of the hearts left ventilation within each heart beat

Factors are preload
Contractilty
After load

19
Q

How is bp regulated

A

Regulated by the hearts CO (stronger heartbeat increase bp)
Blood vessels (constrictions dn dilation)
Kidneys (control water and salt retention. More vol increased bp)
Nervous system (detect bp changes and send signals to the heart and blood vessels to adjust)

20
Q

How does peripheral vascular resistance afferent cardiac output

A

The resistance the blood encounters as it flows through blood vessels

When PVR is high due to constriction, harder for blood to pump blood though circulatory system, added resistance. Increased bp, REDUCE CO

Decreased PVR reduce workload improve CO, lowers blood pressure
INCREASE CO

21
Q

Definition of cardiac output

A

Vol of blood the heart pumps into the circulatory system each minute

Sv x hr

22
Q

How does renin angiotensin aldosterone system effect BP

A

RAAS regulates bp but managing blood volume and vascular resistance

When bp drops, renin is released
Angiotensin 1 is converted to 2
This raises BP by:

Vasoconstriction, increasing vascular resistance

stimulates adrenal glands to release aldosterone which signals kidneys to retain na and water.

23
Q

How do Baroreceptors affect bp

A

Located in walls of major arteries like carotid artery and aorta

Detect bp changes by the stretch of the arterial walls, BP ^ artery stretch
Once change in BP is detected they send signals to the Brian via nerve fibres

If BP is too high, they increase firing rather to brain
The brain would then reduce HR, CO, causing vasodilation

Low bp:
Baroreceptors reduce firing rate
^co
Vasoconstriction

24
Q

How does antiduiretic hormone affect BP

A

Produced in hypothalamus, released from posterior pituitary gland in response to low blood volume

ADH acts on kidneys promoting re absorption of water in collecting ducts

Reduced urine output and water retention

Raising blood volume
Higher BP

ADH can cause constrictions of blood vessels raising BP

25
Q

What is the difference between HDL and LDL

A

HDL= high density lipoprotein
LDL= low density lipoprotein
Cholesterol carrying partcloes in the blood stream

HDL= transports cholesterol away from the arteries and back to the liver for excretion or rescue
Prevents cholesterol build up in arterial walls, reduce risk of plaque formation in arteries

LDL= caries cholesterol from liver to cells throughout the body
Can lead to cholesterol accumulation in arterial walls, formation of plaque.

Risk of stroke and heart disease

26
Q

What causes hypertension

A

Pathophysiology Year 2 (15 decks)

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