Week 5-cardiac Flashcards
What is stenosis and what does stenosis lead to
Failure of valve fully opened g, obstructing forward flow
Leads to pressure overload cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure
What is regurgitation and what does it lead to
Failure of a valve to close completely, allowing regurgitation back flow of blood
Leads to volume overload and heart failure
What are the most common valve issues
Aortic stenosis- calcification of aortic valve
Aortic insufficiency- dilation of ascending aorta
Mitral stenosis- rheumatic heart disease
Mitral insufficiency- LV dilation
Murmurs and thrills present
Heart valve disease signs and symptoms
Fluttering chest sensation
Chest pain (angina)
Short of breath
Fatigue or weakness
Tired
Malar flush (red cheeks)
Rapid weight
Lightheadedness
Coughing
Swollen ankles
Abdominal boating
Rapid weight gain
What is rheumatic fever
An acute inflammation mediated disease
Starts with a throat infection that isn’t treated and travels to the heart
May progress to chronic rheumatic heart disease : deforming fibrotic valvular disease
Erythema marginatum (skin rash)
Sydenham chorea (flexed extremities)
What is pancarditis
When endocardium, myocardium and pyocardium are all inflamed
What is infective endocarditis
Area of infection of the aortic valve caused by bacterial endocarditis
Fever
Night sweats
Bone and muscle pain
Oslers nodes
Splinter haemorrhages
Positive blood culture
Low grade fever
What is systolic failure
Ability of hearts contraction is compared
What is dilated cardiomyopathy
Disease where left ventricle becomes enlarged and weakened
Leads to impaired contraction therefore systolic failure
Caused by genetic factors, infections, toxins, autoimmune and isopathic
Shortness of breath, fatigue and weakness, odema from legs down, fainting, murmurs, consistent cough, irregular hb and chest pain
REDUCED CO
LEADS TO R SIDED HF
What is myocarditis
Inflammation of myocardium
Can cause shock and sudden death
What is restrictive cardiomyopathy
Disease of the heart that impairs diastolic filling and stretch
Diastolic system unaffected
Aetiology known
Fatigue, exercise intolerance, abdominal swelling, uneven pulse, chest pain, breathing issues, cough
REDUCED CP
Blood back up to R side leading to failure
HR increase
Vasoconstriction
What is restrictive cardiomyopathy
Disease of the heart that impairs diastolic filling and stretch
Diastolic system unaffected
Aetiology known
Fatigue, exercise intolerance, abdominal swelling, uneven pulse, chest pain, breathing issues, cough
REDUCED CP
Blood back up to R side leading to failure
HR increase
Vasoconstriction
What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Asymmetric LV hypertrophy without ventrical dilation leading to abnormal diastole filling and outflow obstruction
Men between 30-40
In young athletes
Unknown cause
Fatigue]
Angina- tightness in the heart
Murmurs
Decreased CO
Systolic and diastolic failure
CO decrease]]]
What is pericardial disease
Pericardium sac that surrounds the heart
Acute (produced by non-infectious inflammatory disease)
chronic (plaque like fibrous thickening of the membrane that affects the cardiac function
pericardial effusion (rapidly increasing fluid)and
cardiac tampondae (fluid fills so ventricles can’t expand)
Diastole definition
Relaxation and expansion of the hearts chambers and ventricles after contraction
Systole definition
Ventricular contraction which allows the blood to be pumped out of the heart
Pulse pressure definition
The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure
Force generated by the heart
Systole- diastole
Stroke volume definition
The amount if blood pumped out of the hearts left ventilation within each heart beat
Factors are preload
Contractilty
After load
How is bp regulated
Regulated by the hearts CO (stronger heartbeat increase bp)
Blood vessels (constrictions dn dilation)
Kidneys (control water and salt retention. More vol increased bp)
Nervous system (detect bp changes and send signals to the heart and blood vessels to adjust)
How does peripheral vascular resistance afferent cardiac output
The resistance the blood encounters as it flows through blood vessels
When PVR is high due to constriction, harder for blood to pump blood though circulatory system, added resistance. Increased bp, REDUCE CO
Decreased PVR reduce workload improve CO, lowers blood pressure
INCREASE CO
Definition of cardiac output
Vol of blood the heart pumps into the circulatory system each minute
Sv x hr
How does renin angiotensin aldosterone system effect BP
RAAS regulates bp but managing blood volume and vascular resistance
When bp drops, renin is released
Angiotensin 1 is converted to 2
This raises BP by:
Vasoconstriction, increasing vascular resistance
stimulates adrenal glands to release aldosterone which signals kidneys to retain na and water.
How do Baroreceptors affect bp
Located in walls of major arteries like carotid artery and aorta
Detect bp changes by the stretch of the arterial walls, BP ^ artery stretch
Once change in BP is detected they send signals to the Brian via nerve fibres
If BP is too high, they increase firing rather to brain
The brain would then reduce HR, CO, causing vasodilation
Low bp:
Baroreceptors reduce firing rate
^co
Vasoconstriction
How does antiduiretic hormone affect BP
Produced in hypothalamus, released from posterior pituitary gland in response to low blood volume
ADH acts on kidneys promoting re absorption of water in collecting ducts
Reduced urine output and water retention
Raising blood volume
Higher BP
ADH can cause constrictions of blood vessels raising BP
What is the difference between HDL and LDL
HDL= high density lipoprotein
LDL= low density lipoprotein
Cholesterol carrying partcloes in the blood stream
HDL= transports cholesterol away from the arteries and back to the liver for excretion or rescue
Prevents cholesterol build up in arterial walls, reduce risk of plaque formation in arteries
LDL= caries cholesterol from liver to cells throughout the body
Can lead to cholesterol accumulation in arterial walls, formation of plaque.
Risk of stroke and heart disease
What causes hypertension
