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Bacte Quizes > Week 5 Lecture > Flashcards

Week 5 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

involve interaction between the body of the host and the infecting microorganisms.

A

Infection and immunity

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2
Q

They are found in soil and water and They are of little relevance in infectious disease.

A

Saprophytes

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3
Q

From Greek word sapros it means

A

Decayed

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4
Q

From greek word phytons it means

A

Plant

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5
Q

(organisms of normal flora) are the microorganisms that live in complete harmony with the host without causing any damage to it.

A

Commensals

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6
Q

are the microorganisms or agents, which are capable of producing disease in the host.

A

Pathogens

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7
Q

Its ability to cause disease is called

A

pathogenicity

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8
Q

are the organisms, which are capable of producing disease in previously healthy individuals with intact immunological defenses.

A

Primary (frank) Pathogens

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9
Q

rarely cause disease in individuals with intact immunological and anatomical defenses.

A

Opportunist Pathogens

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10
Q

These bacteria are able to cause disease only when such defenses are impaired or compromised.

A

Opportunist Pathogens

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11
Q

The lodgement and multiplication of an agent on the tissues of a host constitute infection.

A

Infection

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12
Q

It does not invariably result in disease.

A

Infection

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13
Q

Initial infection of an organisms in the host

A

Primary infection

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14
Q

Subsequent infections by the same
organism in the host

A

Reinfections

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15
Q

When a new agent sets up an infection in
a host whose resistance is lowered by a pre-
existing infectious disease.

A

Secondary Infection

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16
Q

An infection that is confined in one area

A

Local Infection

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17
Q

Cross-infections occurring in hospitals are called (from Greek nosocomion hospital)

A

Nosocomial Infections

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18
Q

The term refers to physician induced infections resulting from investigative, therapeutic, or other procedures.

A

Iatrogenic Infection

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19
Q

What type of infection is one where clinical effects are not apparent

A

Inapparent Infection

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20
Q

The term is often used as a synonym to inapparent infection.

A

Subclinical Infection

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21
Q

is one in which the typical or characteristic clinical manifestations of the particular infectious disease are not present.

A

Atypical Infection

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22
Q

Some organisms, following infection, may remain in the tissues in a latent or hidden form proliferating and producing clinical disease when the host resistance is lowered.

A

Latent Infection

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23
Q

Give the Sources of Infection

A
  1. Human being
  2. Animals
  3. Insects
  4. Soil and water
  5. Food
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24
Q

Most common source of infection for themselves. The parasite may originate from a patient or carrier.

A

Human Beings

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25
Q

Humans serving as the microbial reservoir

A

Touching, blood transfusions, sexual contact and cough

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26
Q

is person who harbors the microorganisms without suffering from any ill effect because of it.

A

Carrier

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27
Q

What type of carries is An individual who has recovered from the infectious disease but continues to harbor large numbers of pathogen.

A

Convalescent carrier

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28
Q

What type of carrier is an individual who harbors the pathogen but is not ill.

A

Healthy carrier

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29
Q

What type of carrier is an individual who is incubating the pathogen in large numbers but is not yet ill.

A

Incubatory carrier

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30
Q

What type of carrier is Convalescent, healthy, and incubatory carriers may harbor the pathogen for only a brief period (hours, days, or weeks) and lasts less than six months.

A

Temporary carrier

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31
Q

What type of carrier that They harbor the pathogen for long periods (months, years or life)

A

Chronic carrier

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32
Q

What type of carrier is applied to a person who acquires the pathogen from a patient

A

Contact carrier

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33
Q

What type of carrier refers to a carrier who acquires the pathogens from another carrier

A

Paradoxical carrier

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34
Q

The diseases and infections, which are transmissible to man from animals called

A

Zoonosis

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35
Q

These, animals serve to maintain the parasite in nature and act as reservoir and they are, therefore, called

A

Reservior hosts

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36
Q

Many pathogens are capable of causing in both human beings and animals. Therefore, animals may act as a source of infection of such microorganisms.

A

Reservoir hosts

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37
Q

Examples of Zoonotic Disease in bacterial

A

Anthrax, brucellosis, Q fever, leptospirosis, bovine tuberculosis, bubonic plague, Salmonella food poisoning.

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38
Q

Examples of Zoonotic Disease in viral

A

Rabies, yellow fever, cowpox, monkeypox.

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39
Q

Examples of Zoonotic Disease in protozoal

A

Leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis, trypano-
somiasis, babesiosis.

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40
Q

Examples of Zoonotic Disease in helminthic

A

Echinococcosis, taeniasis, trichinellosis.

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41
Q

Examples of Zoonotic Disease in fungal

A

Microsporum canis, Trichophyton verrucosum.

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42
Q

Blood-sucking insects, such as mosquitos, ticks, mites, flies, and lice may transmit pathogens to human beings and diseases so caused are called

A

Arthropod-borne Diseases

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43
Q

in relapsing fever and spotted fever

A

Ticks

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44
Q

Insects that transmit infections are called

A

Vectors

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45
Q

can be of two types either mechanical (external) or biological (internal).

A

Vector-borne transmission

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46
Q

What type of vectors is The disease agent is transmitted mechanically by the arthropod.

A

Mechanical vector

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47
Q

What type of vector is Those in whom the pathogens multiply sufficiently or have undergone a developmental cycle.

A

Biological vector

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48
Q

The interval between the time of entry of the pathogen into the vector and the vector becoming infective is called the

A

extrinsic incubation period

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49
Q

remain viable in the soil for several decades and serve as source of infection.

A

Spores of Tetanus and Gas Gangrene

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50
Q

also survive in the soil and cause human infection.

A

Fungi (causing mycetoma, sporotrichosis, histoplasmosis) and parasites (roundworms and hookworms )

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51
Q

may act as the source of infection either due to contamination with pathogenic microorganisms (Shigella, Salmonella, Vibrio cholerae, poliomyelitis virus, hepatitis virus) or due the presence of aquatic vector (cyclops containing larvae of guinea worm infection).

A

Water

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52
Q

may act as source of infection of organisms causing food poisoning, gastroenteritits, diarrhea and dysentery

A

Food

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53
Q

Modes Of Transmission of Infection may be acquired by contact, which may be direct or indirect.

A

Contact

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54
Q

Diseases transmitted by ________ include STD (sexually transmitted diseases), such as syphilis, gonorrhea, lymphogranuloma venereum, lymphogranuloma inguinale, trichomoniasis, herpes simplex type 2,hepatitis B and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

A

Direct contact

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55
Q

may be through the agency of fomites, which are inanimate objects, such as clothing, pencils or toys which may be contaminated by a pathogen from one person and act as a vehicle for its transmission to another.

A

Indirect contact

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56
Q

Droplet nuclei: Respiratory infections, such as common cold, influenza, measles, mumps, tuberculosis and whooping cough are acquired by

A

Inhalation

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57
Q

are generally acquired by the ingestion of food or drink contaminated by pathogens.

A

Ingestion

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58
Q

Infection transmitted by ingestion may be water borne (cholera), food borne (food poisoning o hand borne (dysentery).

A

Ingestion

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59
Q

Disease transmitted by water and food include chiefly infections of the alimentary tract, e.g. acute diarrheas, typhoid fever, cholera, polio, hepatitis A, food poisoning and intestinal parasites.

A

Ingestion

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60
Q

Disease agent may be inoculated directly in to the skin or mucosa, e.g. Rabies virus deposited subcutaneously by dog bite, tetanus spores implanted in deep wounds, and arboviruses injected by insect vectors.

A

Inoculation

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61
Q

Infection by inoculation may be iatrogenic when unsterile syringes and surgical equipment are employed.

A

Inoculation

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62
Q

It is involve in Hepatitis b and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

A

Inoculation

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63
Q

Vector is defined as an arthropod or any living carrier (e.g. snail) that transports an infectious agent to a susceptible individual.

A

Insect

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64
Q

In some diseases, blood-sucking insects play an important role in the spread of infection from one individual to another

A

Vector- borne

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65
Q

Vertical Transmission: Some pathogens are able to cross the placental barrier
and reach the fetus in uterus.

A

Congenital

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66
Q

Examples of congenital

A

TORCH agents (Toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus and herpes
virus)

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67
Q

If meticulous care in asepsis is not taken, infections like AIDS and hepatitis B may sometimes be transmitted during administration of injections, lumber puncture and catheterization.

A

Iatrogenic infections

68
Q

These iatrogenic are known as

A

physician- induced infections

69
Q

Modern methods of treatment, such as exchange transfusion, dialysis, and heart and transplant surgery have increased the possibilities for iatrogenic infections.

A

Iatrogenic infection or laboratory infections

70
Q

It is the ability of a microbe to produce disease in a susceptible individual

A

Pathogenicity

71
Q

the relative ability of microorganism to cause disease or the degree of pathogenicity

A

Virulence

72
Q

Reduction of virulence

A

Attenuation

73
Q

The first step of the infectious process is the entry of microorganism into the host by one of several ports: the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract, or through skin that has been cut, punctured, or burned.

A

Transmissibility

74
Q

The initial event in the pathogenesis is the attachment of the bacteria to body surfaces.

A

Adhesion

75
Q

This attachment is not a chance event but a specific reaction between surface receptors on host cells and adhesive structures (ligands) on the surface of bacteria.

A

Adhesion

76
Q

may occur as organized structures, such as fimbriae or fibrillae and pilli, or as colonization factors.

A

Adhesion

77
Q

usually made of protein and are antigenic in nature.

A

Adhesion

78
Q

has been attempted as a method of prophylaxis in some infections.

A

Adhesion

79
Q

signifies the ability of a pathogen to spread in the host tissues after establishing infection.

A

Invasiveness

80
Q

characteristically produce spreading or generalized lesions (e.g. Streptococcal septicemia following wound infection)

A

Highly invasive pathogens

81
Q

cause more localized lesions (e.g. staphylococcal abscess).

A

Less invasive pathogens

82
Q

Some bacteria cause disease by producing toxins, of which there are two general types: The exotoxins and the endotoxins

A

Toxigenicity

83
Q

are soluble, heat-labile proteins inactivated at 60°–80°C and diffuse readily into the surrounding medium.

A

Exotoxins

84
Q

These are highly potent in minute amounts and include some of the most poisonous substances known.

A

Exotoxins

85
Q

are thus useful in preparing vaccines.

A

Exotoxins

86
Q

They exhibit specific tissue affinity and
pharmacological activities.

A

Exotoxins

87
Q

They are associated with specific diseases
and have specific mechanisms of action.

A

Exotoxins

88
Q

Exotoxins They are easily inactivated by

A

Formaldehyde, iodine and other immunogenic toxoids

89
Q

are generally formed by gram- positive bacteria but may also be produced by some gram-negative organisms such as Shiga’s dysentery bacillu

A

Exotoxins

90
Q

These are heat-stable, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) components of the outer membranes of gram negative.

A

Endotoxins

91
Q

Their toxicity depends upon the component (lipid A).

A

Endotoxins

92
Q

They are released into the host’s circulation following bacterial cell lysis.

A

Endotoxins

93
Q

They are toxic only at high doses.

A

Endotoxins

94
Q

They cannot be toxoided.

A

Endotoxins

95
Q

They are poor antigens and weakly
immunogenic.

A

Endotoxins

96
Q

They do not exhibit specific pharmacological
activities.

A

Endotoxins

97
Q

Intravenous injections of large doses of
endotoxin and massive gram-negative septicemias cause endotoxic shock marked by fever, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, significant fall in blood pressure, circulatory collapse and bloody diarrhea leading to death

A

Endotoxins

98
Q

Some bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae can produce a slippery mucoid capsule that prevents the phagocyte from effectively contacting the bacterium. Streptococcal M Protein

A

Capsule

99
Q

Other bacteria evade phagocytosis by producing specialized surface proteins such as the M protein on Streptococcus pyogenes.

A

Capsule

100
Q

can acquire iron from the host’s iron binding proteins.

A

Siderophores

101
Q

is produced by Staphylococcus. aureus. This thrombin-like enzyme prevents phagocytosis by forming a fibrin barrier around the bacteria and walling off the lesion.

A

Coagulase

102
Q

C. perfringens produces _________ and ______ promoting spread of infection in tissue.

A

Lecithinase-C and collagenase

103
Q

split hyaluronic acid and thus facilitate the spread of infection along tissue spaces, e.g. Streptococcus.

A

Hyaluronidases

104
Q

Many hemolytic streptococci produce _______ which promotes the spread of infections.

A

Streptokinase (fibrinolysin)

105
Q

These include hemolysins capable of destroying erythrocytes and leukocidins damage polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

A

Cytolysins

106
Q

These enzymes specifically cleave immunoglobulin IgA which protects at mucosal surfaces.

A

IgA 1 proteases

107
Q

are extrachromosomal DNA segments that carry genes for antibiotic resistance known as R-factors.

A

Plasmids

108
Q

increase the severity of clinical disease by their resistance to antibiotic therapy.

A

Multiple drug resistance (R) plasmids

109
Q

The ability of a microbe to spread from one host to another

A

Communicability

110
Q

Adequate number of bacteria is required for successful infections. The dosage may be estimated as the minimum infecting dose (MID) or minimum lethal dose (MLD).

A

Infective dose

111
Q

Certain bacteria are infective when introduced through optimal route

A

Route of infection

112
Q

may be superficial or deep seated.

A

Localized infections

113
Q

Circulation of bacteria in the blood is known as.

A

bacteremia

114
Q

It is the condition where bacteria circulate and multiply in the blood, form toxic products and cause high, swinging type of fever.

A

Septicemia

115
Q

It is a condition where pyogenic bacteria produce septicemia with multiple abscesses in internal organs, such as the spleen, liver and kidney.

A

Pyemia

116
Q

The disease which is constantly present in a particular area, e.g. typhoid fever is endemic in most parts of India.

A

Endemic

117
Q

The disease that spreads rapidly, involving many persons in a particular area at the same time, is called e.g. meningococcal meningitis.

A

Epidemic

118
Q

It is an epidemic that spreads through many areas of the world involving very large number of persons within a short period, e.g. cholera, influenza and enteroviral conjunctivitis.

A

Pandemic

119
Q

Association of two organisms living in close proximity

A

Symbiosis

120
Q

symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit from each other

A

Mutualism

121
Q

one organism benefits while there is no beneficial or harmful effect to the other

A

Commensalism

122
Q

one organism (parasite) benefits at the expense of its host

A

Parasitism

123
Q

It is caused by a microorganism from the microbiota of the host.

A

Autogenous infection

124
Q

It is an infection that occurs as the result of some medical treatment or procedure

A

Iatrogenic infection

125
Q

affects immunocompromised host by not individuals with a normal immune system

A

Opportunistic infection

126
Q

hospital acquired infection; acquired at a healthcare facility

A

Nosocomial infection

127
Q

presence of bacteria in the blood without active multiplication

A

Bacteremia

128
Q

active multiplication of invading bacteria in the blood

A

Septicemia

129
Q

pus-producing organisms repeatedly invade the blood stream and become localized at different parts of the body

A

Pyemia

130
Q

presence of toxins in the blood

A

Toxemia

131
Q

signs and symptoms are confined in one area

A

Local infection

132
Q

starts as a local infection before spreading to other parts of the body

A

Focal infection

133
Q

microbes spread throughout the body through the blood or lymph

A

Systemic infection

134
Q

initial infection that causes the illness

A

Primary

135
Q

Example of Primary infection

A

Common cold

136
Q

caused by opportunistic pathogens after primary infection has weakened the host’s immune system

A

Secondary infection

137
Q

Example of secondary infection

A

pneumonia and bronchitis

138
Q

clinically silent inside the body and causes no noticeable illnesses in the host. Then, a severe and acute infection manifests

A

Latent (silent phase)

139
Q

Example of Latent (silent phase)

A

Asymptomatic-type polio infection

140
Q

caused by two or more organisms

A

Mixed infections

141
Q

Example of mixed infection

A

wound infection

142
Q

refer to microbe living inside a host for a limited period of time, typically less than six months

A

Acute infection

143
Q

Example of acute infection

A

Whooping cough

144
Q

develops slowly with milder but longer-lasting symptoms

A

Chronic Infection

145
Q

Example of chronic infection

A

Tubercolosis

146
Q

ability of a pathogenic agent to produce a disease in a susceptible individual

A

Pathogenicity

147
Q

degree of pathogenicity

A

Virulence

148
Q

toxins cause tissue and cellular damage

A

Toxic factors

149
Q

Give one of the toxic factors

A

diphtheria toxin, tetanospasmin, botulism toxin, enterotoxin

150
Q

produced by bacteria that aid in the spread of infection and disease

A

Enzymatic factors

151
Q

Give the enzymatic factors

A

hyaluronidase, coagulase, leucocidin, collagenase

152
Q

capsules resist phagocytosis

A

Cellular structure

153
Q

skin serves as the physical and chemical barrier to microorganisms.

A

Physical barriers

154
Q

nasal hairs keep out airborne particles; “cough-sneeze” reflex contributes to removal of potential infective agents; cilia move trapped mucus

A

Cleansing mechanism

155
Q

lysozymes destroy bacterial cell walls and bile salts disrupt bacterial membranes

A

Antimicrobial substances

156
Q

commonly found in healthy person

A

Indigenous microbial flora

157
Q

phagocytes engulf and dispose of microorganisms and cell debris

A

Phagocytosis

158
Q

Ability to create a specific protective response against microorganisms

A

Immune response

159
Q

“memorizes” all of the encountered microorganism so that an immune mediated defensive response is immediately available in the second or third time they are encountered

A

Immune system

160
Q

based on the action of soluble proteins called antibodies. From B-lymphocytes

A

Humoral (antibody-mediated)

161
Q

action of specific kinds of T-lymphocytes that directly attack the cells that are infected

A

Cellular (cell-mediated)

162
Q

protection of susceptible humans and domestic animals from communicable diseases through vaccination

A

Active immunization

163
Q

non-specific response that activates chemotaxis, or the process by which phagocytes are directed to the site of replication and engulf the invading organism

A

Natural immunity

164
Q

antibodies that are attached to the surface of the pathogens and which kill the bacteria by lysis

A

Complement-fixing antibodies

165
Q

attached to the surface of microorganisms which block surface receptors

A

Neutralizing antibodies

166
Q

attached to the surface of microorganisms and render pathogens susceptible to phagocytosis

A

Opsonizing antibodies

Bacte Quizes (16 decks)

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