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Bacte Quizes > Week 4 Lecture > Flashcards

Week 4 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

DNA was first discovered by

A

Frederick Miescher

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2
Q

discovered that DNA contained phosphates, five- carbon sugars (cyclic pentose), and nitrogen- containing bases

A

Phoebus Aaron Theodore Levine

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3
Q

discovered the helical structure by x-ray crystallography

A

Rosalind Franklin

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4
Q

who described the three-dimensional structure of the DNA molecule in the 1950s.

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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5
Q

is a double helical chain of deoxynucleotide.

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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6
Q

is a double strand twisted together, which many
scientists refer to as a “spiral staircase” (resembling the handrail, sides, and steps of a spiral staircase)

A

Helix

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7
Q

A phosphate group (PO4)

A

Nucleotides

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8
Q

(the carbons in the pentose are
numbered 1′ through 5′) sugar (deoxyribose), which makes up the “handrails and sides”

A

Cyclic five-carbon pentose

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9
Q

A nitrogen-containing base, or the “steps,” either a

A

Purine and pyrimidine

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10
Q

The two complementary sugar phosphate strands run in opposite directions (antiparallel)

A

3 to 5 or 5 to 3

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11
Q

basic building blocks of DNA

A

Nucleotide

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12
Q

attaches to the 5′ carbon of the sugar,

A

Phospate

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13
Q

is attached to the 3′ carbon of the sugar.

A

Hydroxyl group

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14
Q

are held together by hydrogen bonds.

A

Base

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15
Q

Information contained in DNA is determined primarily by the pyrimidine sequence of letters along the

A

Staircase

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16
Q

consists of a fused ring of nine carbon atoms and nitrogen

A

Purine

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17
Q

What is two purines

A

Adenine (A) and guanine (G)

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18
Q

Consists of a single ring of six atoms of carbon and nitrogen.

A

Pyrimidine

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19
Q

What is the Three pyrimidines

A

Thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U)

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20
Q

is also involved in the production of RNA.

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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21
Q

In RNA, the nitrogenous base is

A

Thymine (T)

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22
Q

Thymine is replaced by

A

Uracil (U)

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23
Q

Single-stranded and short, not double stranded and long, and contains the sugar ribose, not deoxyribose

A

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

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24
Q

means of amplifying specific DNA sequences and detecting very small numbers of bacteria present in a specimen.

A

Polymerase chain reaction technique

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25
Q

are silent genes, expressed only under certain conditions.

A

Gene

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26
Q

are always expressed are constitutive.

A

Gene

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27
Q

are expressed only under certain conditions are inducible

A

Gene

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28
Q

The duplication of chromosomal DNA for insertion into a daughter cell.

A

Replication

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29
Q

The synthesis of ssRNA, by the enzyme RNA polymerase, using one strand of the DNA as a template.

A

Transcription

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30
Q

The actual synthesis of a specific protein from the mRNA code.

A

Translation

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31
Q

Refers to the synthesis of a protein

A

Protein expression

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32
Q

are polypeptides composed of amino acids.

A

Protein

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33
Q

A group of three nucleotides in an mRNA molecule that signifies a specific amino acid.

A

Codon

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34
Q

The triplet of bases on the tRNA that bind the triplet of bases (codon) on the mRNA

A

Anticodon

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35
Q

consists of a single, closed, circular piece of dsDNA that is supercoiled to fit inside the cell

A

Bacterial genome

36
Q

Contains all the information needed for cell growth and replication

A

Bacterial genome

37
Q

genes are specific DNA sequences that code for the amino acid sequence in one protein

A

One gene equals one polypeptide

38
Q

Are self-replicating extrachromosomal dsDNA molecules.

A

Plasmid

39
Q

pieces of DNA that are mobile and may jump from one place mobile and may jump from one place in the chromosome to another place in the chromosome to another place

A

Jumping gene

40
Q

Simplest mobile piece of DNA is an

A

insertion sequence (IS) element.

41
Q

It is approximately ______ base pairs long with inverted repeats on each end

A

1000 base pairs

42
Q

that allows the element to pop into and out of DNA

A

transposase enzyme

43
Q

Which contain many IS elements.

A

Bacterial genome

44
Q

are related mobile elements that contain additional genes.

A

Transposons

45
Q

often carry drug-resistance genes and are usually located in plasmids

A

Transposons

46
Q

Changes that occur in the DNA code and often result in a change in the coded protein or in the prevention of its synthesis

A

Mutations

47
Q

occur in bacteria at a rate of about 1 in 109 cells

A

Spontaneous mutations

48
Q

Occur as the result of error during DNA replication at a rate of about

A

1 to 107 cells

49
Q

Give a type of mutagens that is physical agents

A

UV rays, Ionizing radiation, X-rays, Visible light, and Heat

50
Q

What type of mutagen is chemical agents

A

Alkylating agents, aCridine dyes, 5-Bromouracil, 2-aminopurine and Nitrous acid.

51
Q

A method by which genes are transferred or exchanged between homologous (similar) regions on two DNA molecules, forming new combinations of genes on a chromosome

A

Genetic recombination

52
Q

Uptake and incorporation of free or naked DNA into a bacterial cell

A

Transformation

53
Q

Can be incorporated into the bacterial genome by recombination.

A

Transformation

54
Q

Cells that take up naked DNA are referred to as

A

Being competent

55
Q

The recipient bacterium must be competent to absorb the exogenous fragments of bacterial DNA.

A

Transformation

56
Q

Transfer of bacterial genes by a bacteriophage from one cell to another.

A

Transduction

57
Q

consists of a chromosome (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat.

A

Bacteriophage

58
Q

When a phage infects a bacterial cell, it injects its genome into the bacterial cell, leaving the protein coat outside.

A

Transduction

59
Q

The phage may then take a lytic pathway, in which the bacteriophage DNA directs the bacterial cell to synthesize phage DNA and phage protein and package it into new phage particles

A

Transduction

60
Q

What phase Cell eventually lyses , releasing a new phage that can infect other bacterial cells.

A

Lytic phase

61
Q

In some instances, the phage DNA instead becomes incorporated into the bacterial genome, where it is replicated along with the bacterial chromosomal DNA; in this state is known as

A

Lysogeny

62
Q

the phage is referred to as

A

being temperate.

63
Q

Transfer of genetic material from a donor bacterial strain to a recipient strain

A

Conjugation

64
Q

Close contact is required between the two cells.

A

Conjugation

65
Q

possesses a fertility factor (F factor) on a
plasmid that carries the genes for conjugative transfer

A

Donor strain (F+)

66
Q

The donor strain produces a hollow surface appendage called

A

Sex or conjugation pilus

67
Q

Transfer of DNA then occurs

A

Conjugation

68
Q

which binds to the recipient F− cell and
brings the two cells in close contact.

A

Sex or conjugation pilus

69
Q

Bacteria have evolved a system to restrict the incorporation of foreign DNA into their genomes.

A

Restriction enzymes

70
Q

produced that cut incoming, foreign DNA at specific DNA sequences

A

Restriction enzymes

71
Q

The main effect of is elements in bacteria is that when an is element inserts itself into the middle of a gene,

A

It disrupt and inactives the gene

72
Q

Some mutations are silent because

A

Redundancy of protein synthesis

73
Q

May be the result of a change in one
nucleotide base (a point mutation)
that leads to a

A

Change single amino acid within protein

74
Q

May be the result of insertions or deletions in the genome that lead to

A

Disruption of gene and frameshift mutation

75
Q

variations in the nucleotide sequence of a genome

A

Mutation

76
Q

are those that result from an exposure to chemicals, UV rays, x-rays, or some other environmental agent.

A

Induced mutation

77
Q

occur without any exposure to any environmental agent

A

Spontaneous mutation

78
Q

Substitutions, also known as

A

Point mutation

79
Q

are those mutations that affect a single base pair. One base is replaced by another

A

Substitution

80
Q

refers to a purine or pyrimidine being replaced by a base of the same kind; for example, a purine such as adenine may be replaced by the purine guanine.

A

Transition substitution

81
Q

refers to a purine being replaced by a pyrimidine, or vice versa; for example, cytosine, a pyrimidine, is replaced by adenine, a purine.

A

Transversion substitution

82
Q

is when the substitution results in a codon for a different amino acid.

A

Missense mutation

83
Q

occurs when the substitution results in the formation of a stop codon (UAA, UAG, UGA)

A

Nonsense mutation

84
Q

result of the addition of a base

A

Insertion

85
Q

removal of a base, also known as

A

Deletion

86
Q

only one nucleotide is inserted or deleted. They shift the reading frame of the codons

A

Frameshift mutation

Bacte Quizes (16 decks)

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