Week 2 Control Microorganism Flashcards
We treat all our specimen as potentially infectious. Blood and all body fluids, including secretions and excretions except sweat, regardless of whether visible blood is present, are considered infectious.
Universal/Standard Precautions
Are used to stop the spread of infectious agents that may be transmitted through direct or indirect contact with the patient or with the patient’s environment.
Contact Precautions
Multidrug-resistant organisms such as vancomycin resistant enterococci, MRSA, and Clostridium difficile
Contact Precautions
Are used to stop the spread of infectious agents that can be transmitted by close respiratory contact or by exposure of mucous membranes to respiratory secretions
Droplet precautions
What type of precautions is Neisseria meningitidis, Bordetella pertussis, and influenza virus
Droplet precautions
These precautions are used for infectious agents, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, varicella virus, and rubella virus that can remain airborne and infectious over long distances.
Airborne Precautions
is a process used to recognize the hazardous characteristics of infectious agents that may be encountered in the clinical microbiology laboratory.
Biological risk assessment
risk assessment process are the laboratory practices that could result in an infectious exposure, the likelihood that a LAI will occur, and the consequences of that infection.
Biological risk assessment
appropriate safety practices can be identified to protect laboratorians.
Biological risk assessment
No or Low Individual and Community Risk
Risk Group 1
A microorganism that is unlikely to cause human or animal disease.
No or Low Individual and Community Risk
Moderate Individual Risk, Low Community Risk
Risk group 2
A pathogen that can cause human or animal disease but is unlikely to be a serious hazard to laboratory workers, the community, livestock, or the environment. Laboratory exposures may cause serious infection, but effective treatment and preventive measures are available, and the risk of spread of infection is limited.
Moderate Individual Risk, Low Community Risk
High Individual Risk, Low Community Risk
Risk group 3
A pathogen that usually causes serious human or animal disease but does not ordinarily spread from one infected individual to another. Effective treatment and preventive measures are available.
High Individual Risk, Low Community Risk
High Individual and Community Risk
Risk group 4
A pathogen that usually causes serious human or animal disease and that can be readily transmitted from one individual to another, directly or indirectly Effective treatment and preventive measures are not usually available.
High Individual and Community Risk
These hoods are a type of containment barrier that protects the worker from the aerosolized transmission of organisms and aerosols
Biological Safety Cabinets
Hood uses an exhaust fan to move air inward through the open front.
Class I Biological Safety
The air is circulated within the safety hood, passing through a 1 high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter before reaching the environment outside the hood.
Class I Biological Safety
hood is the most common in microbiology laboratories.
Class II Biological Safety
Air is pulled inward and downward by a blower and passed up through the airflow plenum where it passes through a 2 HEPA filter before reaching the work surface.
Class II Biological Safety
A percentage of the remaining air is HEPA filtered before reaching the environment.
Class II Biological Safety
hood is a self-contained ventilated system for highly infectious microorganisms or materials and provides the highest level of personal protection.
Class III Biological Safety
The closed front contains attached gloves for manipulation on the work surface.
Class III Biological Safety
refers to a process that eliminates a defined scope of microorganisms, including some spores.
Disinfection
A substance applied to the skin for the purpose of eliminating or reducing the number of bacteria present is referred to as
Antiseptic
do not kill spores and cannot be used as
disinfectants
Antiseptic
refers to the destruction of all forms of life,
including bacterial spores
Sterilization
A general term describing a chemical agent, usually broad-spectrum, that inactivates microorganisms
Biocide
can be antiseptics, disinfectants, or preservatives.
Biocides
A specific term referring to the property by which a biocide is able to inhibit bacterial multiplication; multiplication resumes upon removal of the agent.
Bacteriostatic
A specific term referring to the property by which a biocide is able to kill bacteria.
Bactericidal
A physical or chemical process that completely destroys or removes all microbial life, including spores.
Sterilization
Products or biocides used to kill microorganisms on inanimate objects or surfaces.
Disinfectant
are not necessarily sporicidal, but are sporostatic, inhibiting germination or outgrowth.
Disinfectant
Characterized by the presence of pathogenic microbes in living tissue.
Septic
A biocide or product that destroys or inhibits the growth of microorganisms in or on living tissue
Antiseptic
Characterized by the absence of pathogenic microbes.
Aseptic
The prevention of multiplication of microorganisms in formulated products, including pharmaceuticals and foods.
Preservation
Naturally occurring or synthetic organic compounds which inhibit or destroy selective bacteria, generally at low concentrations
Antibiotics
Factors that Influence the Degree of Killing
- Types of organisms
- Number of organism
- Concentration of disinfectant
- Presence of material
- Nature of disinfected
- Contact time
- Temperature
- Ph
- Biofilm
- Compatibility of disinfectant and sterilization
The amount of time that an agent is in contact with an object can also determine whether it is disinfecting or sterilizing the object.
Contact Time
is used as a sterilant, the contact time is much longer than when it is used as a disinfectant.
Glutaraldehyde
Alcohol and iodine preparations (e.g., Betadine) must be in contact with an object for at least ____________ minutes for them to kill microorganisms.
at least 1 to 2 minutes
The spores of both bacteria and fungi must be in the presence of disinfectants or sterilant for a much longer time than their vegetative counterpart before they are killed.
Contact time
Their activity is generally increased to some degree by an increase in temperature and decreased by a decrease in temperature. Disinfectants and sterilant can be rendered inactive by too high or too low a temperature.
Temperature
Disinfectants are generally used at room temperature what degree celcius
20 to 22 degree celcius
the material to be disinfected or sterilized can affect the activity of the disinfecting or sterilizing agent.
Ph
It is critical to make sure at what pH the agent is active and what the pH of the material to be exposed to the agent is at the time the process will be done.
pH
These communities are generally layers of microorganisms that often have a protective material over them that shield them from outside environmental factors.
Biofilms
can be considered as a community of bacteria or other microorganisms and can be on the surface of either inanimate or animate objects.
Biofilms
Some disinfectants may inactivate other disinfectants. For example, the use of bleach and a quaternary ammonium compound together may negate the activity of both disinfectants.
Compatibility of Disinfectants
Or heat under steam pressure, is the agent used in autoclaves.
Moist Heat
Moist heat Putting steam under ____ atm of pressure, or _____ psi, achieves a temperature of______ ° C. . At this temperature, all microorganisms (except for prions) and their endospores are destroyed within approximately ______ minutes of exposure.
1 atm, 15 psi and 121 ° C in 15 minutes
is the sterilization method of choice for heat-stable objects.
Moist heat
It requires much longer exposure times and higher temperatures than moist heat.
Dry Heat
This method may be used for heat-stable substances that are not penetrated by moist heat. Commonly used to sterilize glassware
Dry heat
Achieve disinfection but not sterilization; these methods do not eliminate spores.
Boiling and Pasteurization
Boiling has what degree Celsius and kills most microorganisms in approximately ______ minutes.
100° C in 10 minute
used mostly in the food industry
Pasteurization
Pasteurization It is performed at what degree celsius and minutes.
63° C for 30 minutes
Reduces spoilage of food without affecting its taste.
Pasteurization
What radiation, in the form of gamma rays or electron beams and has short wavelength and high energy
Ionizing Radiation
Sterilization of disposable supplies such as syringes, catheters, and gloves.
Radiation
in the form of ultraviolet rays and has long wavelength and low energy
Nonionizing radiation
it can be used to disinfect surfaces
Radiation
thin membrane filters composed of plastic polymers or cellulose esters containing pores of a certain size
Filtration
Most bacteria, yeasts, and molds are retained by pore sizes of 0.45 and 0.80 μm; however, this pore size may allow passage of Pseudomonas-like organisms, and therefore a 0.22-μm size is available for critical sterilizing (e.g., parenteral solutions).
Filtration
is accomplished with the use of high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters.
Filtration of air
are able to remove microorganisms larger than 0.3 μm and are used in laboratory hoods and in rooms of immunocompromise patients.
high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters
