Week 1 : Historical Flashcards
It is a study of microscopic and viruses
Microbiology
eukaryotic unicellular microscopic organism that are not considered an animal plant/fungus
Protist
Isolation and Identification of microorganism that caused disease are primary importance
Microbiology
Earth was formed about
4.5 billion years ago
First 800 million to 1 billion years of Earth’s existence
No life on this planet
(as many as 11 different types) found in ancient rock formations in north western Australia to about 3.5 billion years ago
Fossil of primitive microbes
appeared on Earth - 900 and 650 million years ago
Animal
appeared on Earth - 900 and 650 million years ago
Animal
existed for only the past 100,000 years
or so
Humans (homo sapiens)
First microbes on earth
Archaea and Cyanobacteria
Deals with bacteria
Bacteriology
Deals with fungi
Mycology
Deals with virus
Virology
Deals with the protozoa
Protozoology
Deals with algae
Phycology/Algology
Deals with parasites
Parasitology
Deals with nematodes
Nematology
Deals with pathogenic microbes
Medical Microbiology
Study of roles of microbes in agriculture from the point of view of both harm and usefulness
Agricultural Microbiology
Study of microbes in industrial production (alcohol and antibiotics)
Industrial Microbiology
Study of food borne microbial diseases and their control
Food and Dairy Microbiology
Study of microorganisms found in water
Aquatic Microbiology
Study of airborne microorganism
Aero Microbiology
Study the role of microbes in maintaining the quality of environment
Environmental Microbiology
Deals with the role of microbes in coal, gas and mineral formation
Geochemical Microbiology
Study of manipulation of microbes at the genetic and molecular level to generate useful products (insulin)
Biotechnology
Deals with the study of immune responses to organism
Immunology
Microorganism evolved to survive:
- ecologic niches and habitats
- Some grow rapidly, some grow slowly
- minimal number of nutrients and require enriched nutrients
- atmospheric growth conditions, temperature
requirements, and cell structure - body as normal biota (normal flora), as
opportunistic pathogens, or as true pathogens - Unique physiology and metabolic pathways
Main roles of a diagnostic or clinical microbiologist
- isolate
- identify
- analyze
Knowledge of microbial structure and physiology is extremely important to clinical microbiologist in 3 areas:
- culture of microorganisms
- Classification and identification of organisms
- Prediction and interpretation of antimicrobial
“Beasties” in a water droplet
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
“Beasties” in a water droplet
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Father of Protozoology and Bacteriology
Anton van leeuwenhoek
True microbiologist who Self-made microscope w/ 50-300X magnification
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
He is the greatest scientific revolutionary
Anton van leeuwenhoek
Contributions of Leeuwenhoek:
- First microscope
- 1st person observe microorganism
- Accurate description of bacteria
Father of medicine, observed that ill health resulted due to changes in air, winds, water climate, food, nature of soil and habits of people
Hippocrates
Disease was caused by animated particles invisible to naked eyes but which were carried in the air through the mouth and nose into the body.
Varro
Agents of communicable disease were living germs that could be transmitted by direct contact with humans and animals, and indirectly by objects; but no proof because of lacking experimental evidence.
Fracastorius
Postulated that invisible living creatures produced disease.
Roger bacon
Finding minute worms in the blood of plague victims, but with the equipment available to him, it is more likely that what he observed were only blood cells.
Kircher
living things originated from non-living things
Theory of spontaneous generation
founder theory spontaneous generation
Aristotle
Observed spontaneous existence of fishes from dried ponds, when the pond was filled with rain.
Aristotle
in 1745 published experiments claiming the spontaneous generation of microorganisms in decayable fluids.
John needham
Boiling broth, placing it on a flask and sealing it; became cloudy and conclude that microorganism generated spontaneously. broth is not sufficiently boiled to kill pre-existing microbes
John needham
opposed this view who boiled beef broth for an hour, sealed the flasks, and observed no formation of microbes.
Lazzaro spallanzani
attempted to counter such arguments.
Franz Schulze, Theodore Schwann, Georg Friedrich Schroder and Theodor von Dusch
in 1877 proved and was able to explain satisfactorily the need for prolonged heating to eliminate microbial life from infusions.
John tyndall
killed both heat- stable form and a heat-sensitive form of bacteria. Intermittent heating, now called
Tyndallization
form of sterilization that uses most heat
Tyndallization
first tried to set an experiment to disprove spontaneous generation / life comes from pre- existing life
Francesco redi
The two person who Disproved the theory
Francesco redi and louis pasteur
disproved the theory of abiogenesis. Designed a large curved flask (Pasteur goose neck flask) and
placed a sterile growth broth medium. Air freely moved through the tube; but dust particles were trapped in the curved portion of flask.
Louis pastuer
Major Contribution of Louis Pasteur
- Theory fermentation
- Principle of sterilization and pastuerization
- Disease of silkworm
- Development of vaccine (anthrax and rabies)
- Discovery of streptococci
Germ theory of disease depended on the work of a German scientist.
Robert koch
Who discovered anthrax and tuberculosis
Robert koch
Who discovered anthrax and tuberculosis
Robert koch
Who discovered anthrax and tuberculosis
Robert koch
Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates
- Do not exhibit symptoms of the disease
- Very difficult or impossible to grow in vitro
- Many species are specific species
- Develop only when an opportunistic pathogen invades immunocompromised
Greek word of taxes
arrangement
Greek word of nomos
Law
set of rules that arrange organisms in
group/classification
Taxa
Orderly classification and grouping of organisms into taxa
Taxonomy
based on similarities and differences genetic makeup
Genotype
What is the classification of genotype
- Sequencing DNA and RNA
- Dna base measure the degree relatedness
readily observable physical and functional
features expressed by its genotype
Phenotype
Classification of phenotype
- Macroscopic
- Microscopic
- Staining characteristics
- Nutritional requirements
- Physiologic and biochemical characteristics
- Susceptibility or resistance to antibiotics
Formal levels of bacterial classification in successively smaller taxa or subsets
Domain, kingdom, division, subphylum, class, order, family, genus, specific epithet, and subspecies/strain
are in domains Bacteria and Archaea,
Bacteria
plants and protists are in domain
Eukarya
include unicellular prokaryotic organisms.
Bacteria and archaea
French naturalist and He is often called the father of Taxonomy’.
Carolus Linnaeus
Carolus linnaeus divided living things into two kingdoms:
Plantae and animalia
Carolus linnaeus further arranged classification categories as:
Kingdom, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species and invented binomial nomenclature.
He proposed a five kingdom classification on the basis of cell structure
Robert whittaker
Robert whittaker has five kingdom classification on the basis of cell
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.
He is often called the father of biological classification.
Aristotle
He classified the animals into animals with blood and animals without blood, animals that live in water and animals that live on land or in air.
Aristotle
He proposed a three kingdom classification in 1894.
Ernst haeckel
Ernst haeckel three kingdom classification
Plantae, Animalia and Protista
Ernst haeckel three kingdom classification
Plantae, Animalia and Protista
In 1990, he modified the classification and classified all the organisms into three domains of life
Curl woese
Curl woese modified the classification and classified all the organisms into three domains of life
Eukarya domain, Bacteria domain and Archaea domain.
similar to a human “clan”
Family
equivalent to a human last name
Genus/genera
equivalent to a human first name
Species/epithet
Diagnostic microbiologists / three (occasionally four or five) categories:
- Family
- Genus/genera
- Species/epithet
4.strain
In the name of Staphylococcus what categories is this
Genus
In the name aureus what category is this
Species/epithet
In the name of micrococcaceae belongs to
Family
in some ways is equivalent to a breed or subspecies among plants or animal.
Strain
is the level below the species
Strain
Means of assigning an organism to a specific taxonomic category typically involves the use of specific criteria that may pose as questions
Dichotomous key
based on phenotypic differences
Subspecies/subsp.
Characteristics based on serologic differences
Serovarieties/serovar
Characteristic based on biochemical or physiological test result differences
Biovarieties/biovar
Characteristics based on susceptibility to specific bacterial phages
Phage typing
domains Archaea and Bacteria (Eubacteria)
Prokaryotes
Domains fungi, algae, protozoa, animals, and plants
Eukaryotes
more closely related to eukaryotic
cells / found in microorganisms that grow under extreme environmental conditions / lack peptidoglycan
Archaea/archaeobacteria
Greek word of archaea
Archaics
has cell wall, plasma membrane, ribosomes and flagella (no nucleus and membrane – bound organelles)
Archaea
Never contain peptidoglycan – contain protein or glycoprotein wall structure known as S-layer
Archaea
lovers of the extreme conditions
Extremophiles
(salt-loving cells; high salionity/salt concentration) in Utah’s Great Salt Lake
Halophiles
(heat-loving cells) in hot springs and deep
ocean vents
Thermophiles
give off swamp gas and inhabit the intestinal tracts of animals.
Anaerobic methanogens