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Bacte Quizes > Week 1 : Historical > Flashcards

Week 1 : Historical Flashcards

1
Q

It is a study of microscopic and viruses

A

Microbiology

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2
Q

eukaryotic unicellular microscopic organism that are not considered an animal plant/fungus

A

Protist

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3
Q

Isolation and Identification of microorganism that caused disease are primary importance

A

Microbiology

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4
Q

Earth was formed about

A

4.5 billion years ago

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5
Q

First 800 million to 1 billion years of Earth’s existence

A

No life on this planet

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6
Q

(as many as 11 different types) found in ancient rock formations in north western Australia to about 3.5 billion years ago

A

Fossil of primitive microbes

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7
Q

appeared on Earth - 900 and 650 million years ago

A

Animal

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8
Q

appeared on Earth - 900 and 650 million years ago

A

Animal

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9
Q

existed for only the past 100,000 years
or so

A

Humans (homo sapiens)

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10
Q

First microbes on earth

A

Archaea and Cyanobacteria

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11
Q

Deals with bacteria

A

Bacteriology

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12
Q

Deals with fungi

A

Mycology

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13
Q

Deals with virus

A

Virology

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14
Q

Deals with the protozoa

A

Protozoology

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15
Q

Deals with algae

A

Phycology/Algology

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16
Q

Deals with parasites

A

Parasitology

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17
Q

Deals with nematodes

A

Nematology

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18
Q

Deals with pathogenic microbes

A

Medical Microbiology

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19
Q

Study of roles of microbes in agriculture from the point of view of both harm and usefulness

A

Agricultural Microbiology

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20
Q

Study of microbes in industrial production (alcohol and antibiotics)

A

Industrial Microbiology

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21
Q

Study of food borne microbial diseases and their control

A

Food and Dairy Microbiology

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22
Q

Study of microorganisms found in water

A

Aquatic Microbiology

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23
Q

Study of airborne microorganism

A

Aero Microbiology

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24
Q

Study the role of microbes in maintaining the quality of environment

A

Environmental Microbiology

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25
Q

Deals with the role of microbes in coal, gas and mineral formation

A

Geochemical Microbiology

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26
Q

Study of manipulation of microbes at the genetic and molecular level to generate useful products (insulin)

A

Biotechnology

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27
Q

Deals with the study of immune responses to organism

A

Immunology

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28
Q

Microorganism evolved to survive:

A
  1. ecologic niches and habitats
  2. Some grow rapidly, some grow slowly
  3. minimal number of nutrients and require enriched nutrients
  4. atmospheric growth conditions, temperature
    requirements, and cell structure
  5. body as normal biota (normal flora), as
    opportunistic pathogens, or as true pathogens
  6. Unique physiology and metabolic pathways
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29
Q

Main roles of a diagnostic or clinical microbiologist

A
  • isolate
  • identify
  • analyze
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30
Q

Knowledge of microbial structure and physiology is extremely important to clinical microbiologist in 3 areas:

A
  • culture of microorganisms
  • Classification and identification of organisms
  • Prediction and interpretation of antimicrobial
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31
Q

“Beasties” in a water droplet

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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32
Q

“Beasties” in a water droplet

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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33
Q

Father of Protozoology and Bacteriology

A

Anton van leeuwenhoek

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34
Q

True microbiologist who Self-made microscope w/ 50-300X magnification

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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35
Q

He is the greatest scientific revolutionary

A

Anton van leeuwenhoek

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36
Q

Contributions of Leeuwenhoek:

A
  1. First microscope
  2. 1st person observe microorganism
  3. Accurate description of bacteria
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37
Q

Father of medicine, observed that ill health resulted due to changes in air, winds, water climate, food, nature of soil and habits of people

A

Hippocrates

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38
Q

Disease was caused by animated particles invisible to naked eyes but which were carried in the air through the mouth and nose into the body.

A

Varro

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39
Q

Agents of communicable disease were living germs that could be transmitted by direct contact with humans and animals, and indirectly by objects; but no proof because of lacking experimental evidence.

A

Fracastorius

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40
Q

Postulated that invisible living creatures produced disease.

A

Roger bacon

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41
Q

Finding minute worms in the blood of plague victims, but with the equipment available to him, it is more likely that what he observed were only blood cells.

A

Kircher

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42
Q

living things originated from non-living things

A

Theory of spontaneous generation

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43
Q

founder theory spontaneous generation

A

Aristotle

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44
Q

Observed spontaneous existence of fishes from dried ponds, when the pond was filled with rain.

A

Aristotle

45
Q

in 1745 published experiments claiming the spontaneous generation of microorganisms in decayable fluids.

A

John needham

46
Q

Boiling broth, placing it on a flask and sealing it; became cloudy and conclude that microorganism generated spontaneously. broth is not sufficiently boiled to kill pre-existing microbes

A

John needham

47
Q

opposed this view who boiled beef broth for an hour, sealed the flasks, and observed no formation of microbes.

A

Lazzaro spallanzani

48
Q

attempted to counter such arguments.

A

Franz Schulze, Theodore Schwann, Georg Friedrich Schroder and Theodor von Dusch

49
Q

in 1877 proved and was able to explain satisfactorily the need for prolonged heating to eliminate microbial life from infusions.

A

John tyndall

50
Q

killed both heat- stable form and a heat-sensitive form of bacteria. Intermittent heating, now called

A

Tyndallization

51
Q

form of sterilization that uses most heat

A

Tyndallization

52
Q

first tried to set an experiment to disprove spontaneous generation / life comes from pre- existing life

A

Francesco redi

53
Q

The two person who Disproved the theory

A

Francesco redi and louis pasteur

54
Q

disproved the theory of abiogenesis. Designed a large curved flask (Pasteur goose neck flask) and
placed a sterile growth broth medium. Air freely moved through the tube; but dust particles were trapped in the curved portion of flask.

A

Louis pastuer

55
Q

Major Contribution of Louis Pasteur

A
  1. Theory fermentation
  2. Principle of sterilization and pastuerization
  3. Disease of silkworm
  4. Development of vaccine (anthrax and rabies)
  5. Discovery of streptococci
56
Q

Germ theory of disease depended on the work of a German scientist.

A

Robert koch

57
Q

Who discovered anthrax and tuberculosis

A

Robert koch

58
Q

Who discovered anthrax and tuberculosis

A

Robert koch

59
Q

Who discovered anthrax and tuberculosis

A

Robert koch

60
Q

Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates

A
  1. Do not exhibit symptoms of the disease
  2. Very difficult or impossible to grow in vitro
  3. Many species are specific species
  4. Develop only when an opportunistic pathogen invades immunocompromised
61
Q

Greek word of taxes

A

arrangement

62
Q

Greek word of nomos

A

Law

63
Q

set of rules that arrange organisms in
group/classification

A

Taxa

64
Q

Orderly classification and grouping of organisms into taxa

A

Taxonomy

65
Q

based on similarities and differences genetic makeup

A

Genotype

66
Q

What is the classification of genotype

A
  1. Sequencing DNA and RNA
  2. Dna base measure the degree relatedness
67
Q

readily observable physical and functional
features expressed by its genotype

A

Phenotype

68
Q

Classification of phenotype

A
  1. Macroscopic
  2. Microscopic
  3. Staining characteristics
  4. Nutritional requirements
  5. Physiologic and biochemical characteristics
  6. Susceptibility or resistance to antibiotics
69
Q

Formal levels of bacterial classification in successively smaller taxa or subsets

A

Domain, kingdom, division, subphylum, class, order, family, genus, specific epithet, and subspecies/strain

70
Q

are in domains Bacteria and Archaea,

A

Bacteria

71
Q

plants and protists are in domain

A

Eukarya

72
Q

include unicellular prokaryotic organisms.

A

Bacteria and archaea

73
Q

French naturalist and He is often called the father of Taxonomy’.

A

Carolus Linnaeus

74
Q

Carolus linnaeus divided living things into two kingdoms:

A

Plantae and animalia

75
Q

Carolus linnaeus further arranged classification categories as:

A

Kingdom, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species and invented binomial nomenclature.

76
Q

He proposed a five kingdom classification on the basis of cell structure

A

Robert whittaker

77
Q

Robert whittaker has five kingdom classification on the basis of cell

A

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.

78
Q

He is often called the father of biological classification.

A

Aristotle

79
Q

He classified the animals into animals with blood and animals without blood, animals that live in water and animals that live on land or in air.

A

Aristotle

80
Q

He proposed a three kingdom classification in 1894.

A

Ernst haeckel

81
Q

Ernst haeckel three kingdom classification

A

Plantae, Animalia and Protista

82
Q

Ernst haeckel three kingdom classification

A

Plantae, Animalia and Protista

83
Q

In 1990, he modified the classification and classified all the organisms into three domains of life

A

Curl woese

84
Q

Curl woese modified the classification and classified all the organisms into three domains of life

A

Eukarya domain, Bacteria domain and Archaea domain.

85
Q

similar to a human “clan”

A

Family

86
Q

equivalent to a human last name

A

Genus/genera

87
Q

equivalent to a human first name

A

Species/epithet

88
Q

Diagnostic microbiologists / three (occasionally four or five) categories:

A
  1. Family
  2. Genus/genera
  3. Species/epithet
    4.strain
89
Q

In the name of Staphylococcus what categories is this

A

Genus

90
Q

In the name aureus what category is this

A

Species/epithet

91
Q

In the name of micrococcaceae belongs to

A

Family

92
Q

in some ways is equivalent to a breed or subspecies among plants or animal.

A

Strain

93
Q

is the level below the species

A

Strain

94
Q

Means of assigning an organism to a specific taxonomic category typically involves the use of specific criteria that may pose as questions

A

Dichotomous key

95
Q

based on phenotypic differences

A

Subspecies/subsp.

96
Q

Characteristics based on serologic differences

A

Serovarieties/serovar

97
Q

Characteristic based on biochemical or physiological test result differences

A

Biovarieties/biovar

98
Q

Characteristics based on susceptibility to specific bacterial phages

A

Phage typing

99
Q

domains Archaea and Bacteria (Eubacteria)

A

Prokaryotes

100
Q

Domains fungi, algae, protozoa, animals, and plants

A

Eukaryotes

101
Q

more closely related to eukaryotic
cells / found in microorganisms that grow under extreme environmental conditions / lack peptidoglycan

A

Archaea/archaeobacteria

102
Q

Greek word of archaea

A

Archaics

103
Q

has cell wall, plasma membrane, ribosomes and flagella (no nucleus and membrane – bound organelles)

A

Archaea

104
Q

Never contain peptidoglycan – contain protein or glycoprotein wall structure known as S-layer

A

Archaea

105
Q

lovers of the extreme conditions

A

Extremophiles

106
Q

(salt-loving cells; high salionity/salt concentration) in Utah’s Great Salt Lake

A

Halophiles

107
Q

(heat-loving cells) in hot springs and deep
ocean vents

A

Thermophiles

108
Q

give off swamp gas and inhabit the intestinal tracts of animals.

A

Anaerobic methanogens

Bacte Quizes (16 decks)

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