Week 1 : Historical Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
It is a study of microscopic and viruses
A
Microbiology
2
Q
eukaryotic unicellular microscopic organism that are not considered an animal plant/fungus
A
Protist
3
Q
Isolation and Identification of microorganism that caused disease are primary importance
A
Microbiology
4
Q
Earth was formed about
A
4.5 billion years ago
5
Q
First 800 million to 1 billion years of Earth’s existence
A
No life on this planet
6
Q
(as many as 11 different types) found in ancient rock formations in north western Australia to about 3.5 billion years ago
A
Fossil of primitive microbes
7
Q
appeared on Earth - 900 and 650 million years ago
A
Animal
8
Q
appeared on Earth - 900 and 650 million years ago
A
Animal
9
Q
existed for only the past 100,000 years
or so
A
Humans (homo sapiens)
10
Q
First microbes on earth
A
Archaea and Cyanobacteria
11
Q
Deals with bacteria
A
Bacteriology
12
Q
Deals with fungi
A
Mycology
13
Q
Deals with virus
A
Virology
14
Q
Deals with the protozoa
A
Protozoology
15
Q
Deals with algae
A
Phycology/Algology
16
Q
Deals with parasites
A
Parasitology
17
Q
Deals with nematodes
A
Nematology
18
Q
Deals with pathogenic microbes
A
Medical Microbiology
19
Q
Study of roles of microbes in agriculture from the point of view of both harm and usefulness
A
Agricultural Microbiology
20
Q
Study of microbes in industrial production (alcohol and antibiotics)
A
Industrial Microbiology
21
Q
Study of food borne microbial diseases and their control
A
Food and Dairy Microbiology
22
Q
Study of microorganisms found in water
A
Aquatic Microbiology
23
Q
Study of airborne microorganism
A
Aero Microbiology
24
Q
Study the role of microbes in maintaining the quality of environment
A
Environmental Microbiology
25
Deals with the role of microbes in coal, gas and mineral formation
Geochemical Microbiology
26
Study of manipulation of microbes at the genetic and molecular level to generate useful products (insulin)
Biotechnology
27
Deals with the study of immune responses to organism
Immunology
28
Microorganism evolved to survive:
1. ecologic niches and habitats
2. Some grow rapidly, some grow slowly
3. minimal number of nutrients and require enriched nutrients
4. atmospheric growth conditions, temperature
requirements, and cell structure
5. body as normal biota (normal flora), as
opportunistic pathogens, or as true pathogens
6. Unique physiology and metabolic pathways
29
Main roles of a diagnostic or clinical microbiologist
- isolate
- identify
- analyze
30
Knowledge of microbial structure and physiology is extremely important to clinical microbiologist in 3 areas:
- culture of microorganisms
- Classification and identification of organisms
- Prediction and interpretation of antimicrobial
31
“Beasties” in a water droplet
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
32
“Beasties” in a water droplet
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
33
Father of Protozoology and Bacteriology
Anton van leeuwenhoek
34
True microbiologist who Self-made microscope w/ 50-300X magnification
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
35
He is the greatest scientific revolutionary
Anton van leeuwenhoek
36
Contributions of Leeuwenhoek:
1. First microscope
2. 1st person observe microorganism
3. Accurate description of bacteria
37
Father of medicine, observed that ill health resulted due to changes in air, winds, water climate, food, nature of soil and habits of people
Hippocrates
38
Disease was caused by animated particles invisible to naked eyes but which were carried in the air through the mouth and nose into the body.
Varro
39
Agents of communicable disease were living germs that could be transmitted by direct contact with humans and animals, and indirectly by objects; but no proof because of lacking experimental evidence.
Fracastorius
40
Postulated that invisible living creatures produced disease.
Roger bacon
41
Finding minute worms in the blood of plague victims, but with the equipment available to him, it is more likely that what he observed were only blood cells.
Kircher
42
living things originated from non-living things
Theory of spontaneous generation
43
founder theory spontaneous generation
Aristotle
44
Observed spontaneous existence of fishes from dried ponds, when the pond was filled with rain.
Aristotle
45
in 1745 published experiments claiming the spontaneous generation of microorganisms in decayable fluids.
John needham
46
Boiling broth, placing it on a flask and sealing it; became cloudy and conclude that microorganism generated spontaneously. broth is not sufficiently boiled to kill pre-existing microbes
John needham
47
opposed this view who boiled beef broth for an hour, sealed the flasks, and observed no formation of microbes.
Lazzaro spallanzani
48
attempted to counter such arguments.
Franz Schulze, Theodore Schwann, Georg Friedrich Schroder and Theodor von Dusch
49
in 1877 proved and was able to explain satisfactorily the need for prolonged heating to eliminate microbial life from infusions.
John tyndall
50
killed both heat- stable form and a heat-sensitive form of bacteria. Intermittent heating, now called
Tyndallization
51
form of sterilization that uses most heat
Tyndallization
52
first tried to set an experiment to disprove spontaneous generation / life comes from pre- existing life
Francesco redi
53
The two person who Disproved the theory
Francesco redi and louis pasteur
54
disproved the theory of abiogenesis. Designed a large curved flask (Pasteur goose neck flask) and
placed a sterile growth broth medium. Air freely moved through the tube; but dust particles were trapped in the curved portion of flask.
Louis pastuer
55
Major Contribution of Louis Pasteur
1. Theory fermentation
2. Principle of sterilization and pastuerization
3. Disease of silkworm
4. Development of vaccine (anthrax and rabies)
5. Discovery of streptococci
56
Germ theory of disease depended on the work of a German scientist.
Robert koch
57
Who discovered anthrax and tuberculosis
Robert koch
58
Who discovered anthrax and tuberculosis
Robert koch
59
Who discovered anthrax and tuberculosis
Robert koch
60
Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates
1. Do not exhibit symptoms of the disease
2. Very difficult or impossible to grow in vitro
3. Many species are specific species
4. Develop only when an opportunistic pathogen invades immunocompromised
61
Greek word of taxes
arrangement
62
Greek word of nomos
Law
63
set of rules that arrange organisms in
group/classification
Taxa
64
Orderly classification and grouping of organisms into taxa
Taxonomy
65
based on similarities and differences genetic makeup
Genotype
66
What is the classification of genotype
1. Sequencing DNA and RNA
2. Dna base measure the degree relatedness
67
readily observable physical and functional
features expressed by its genotype
Phenotype
68
Classification of phenotype
1. Macroscopic
2. Microscopic
3. Staining characteristics
4. Nutritional requirements
5. Physiologic and biochemical characteristics
6. Susceptibility or resistance to antibiotics
69
Formal levels of bacterial classification in successively smaller taxa or subsets
Domain, kingdom, division, subphylum, class, order, family, genus, specific epithet, and subspecies/strain
70
are in domains Bacteria and Archaea,
Bacteria
71
plants and protists are in domain
Eukarya
72
include unicellular prokaryotic organisms.
Bacteria and archaea
73
French naturalist and He is often called the father of Taxonomy'.
Carolus Linnaeus
74
Carolus linnaeus divided living things into two kingdoms:
Plantae and animalia
75
Carolus linnaeus further arranged classification categories as:
Kingdom, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species and invented binomial nomenclature.
76
He proposed a five kingdom classification on the basis of cell structure
Robert whittaker
77
Robert whittaker has five kingdom classification on the basis of cell
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.
78
He is often called the father of biological classification.
Aristotle
79
He classified the animals into animals with blood and animals without blood, animals that live in water and animals that live on land or in air.
Aristotle
80
He proposed a three kingdom classification in 1894.
Ernst haeckel
81
Ernst haeckel three kingdom classification
Plantae, Animalia and Protista
82
Ernst haeckel three kingdom classification
Plantae, Animalia and Protista
83
In 1990, he modified the classification and classified all the organisms into three domains of life
Curl woese
84
Curl woese modified the classification and classified all the organisms into three domains of life
Eukarya domain, Bacteria domain and Archaea domain.
85
similar to a human “clan”
Family
86
equivalent to a human last name
Genus/genera
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equivalent to a human first name
Species/epithet
88
Diagnostic microbiologists / three (occasionally four or five) categories:
1. Family
2. Genus/genera
3. Species/epithet
4.strain
89
In the name of Staphylococcus what categories is this
Genus
90
In the name aureus what category is this
Species/epithet
91
In the name of micrococcaceae belongs to
Family
92
in some ways is equivalent to a breed or subspecies among plants or animal.
Strain
93
is the level below the species
Strain
94
Means of assigning an organism to a specific taxonomic category typically involves the use of specific criteria that may pose as questions
Dichotomous key
95
based on phenotypic differences
Subspecies/subsp.
96
Characteristics based on serologic differences
Serovarieties/serovar
97
Characteristic based on biochemical or physiological test result differences
Biovarieties/biovar
98
Characteristics based on susceptibility to specific bacterial phages
Phage typing
99
domains Archaea and Bacteria (Eubacteria)
Prokaryotes
100
Domains fungi, algae, protozoa, animals, and plants
Eukaryotes
101
more closely related to eukaryotic
cells / found in microorganisms that grow under extreme environmental conditions / lack peptidoglycan
Archaea/archaeobacteria
102
Greek word of archaea
Archaics
103
has cell wall, plasma membrane, ribosomes and flagella (no nucleus and membrane – bound organelles)
Archaea
104
Never contain peptidoglycan – contain protein or glycoprotein wall structure known as S-layer
Archaea
105
lovers of the extreme conditions
Extremophiles
106
(salt-loving cells; high salionity/salt concentration) in Utah’s Great Salt Lake
Halophiles
107
(heat-loving cells) in hot springs and deep
ocean vents
Thermophiles
108
give off swamp gas and inhabit the intestinal tracts of animals.
Anaerobic methanogens
