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SRNAanatomy > Week 2 Cellular Environment > Flashcards

Week 2 Cellular Environment Flashcards

1
Q

Properties of water: speak of specific heat (H/L); surface tension (H/L) hydrogen bonding and ph; boils at _____ and freezes at ____

A 
High specific heat
High surface tension
Form hydrogen bonds with itself.
Neutral ph
100; 32
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2
Q

Water moves between plasma and interstitial through

A

OSMOSIS and HYDROSTATIC pressure

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3
Q

Renin-angiotesin-aldosterone system (RAAS): is is a _______ of the _______ stimulated by _______. Responsible for the _________ by _____Tubules of the kidney nephron.

A

Steroid hormone of the adrenal cortex
stimulated by angiotensin II
Reabsorption of sodium by distal tubular (collecting duct) of the kidney nephron.

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4
Q

Natriuretic peptides

A

Decreased tubular reabsorption of sodium and promotes urinary excretion of sodium
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Brain natriuretic peptide.

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5
Q

Hypernatremia

A

Related to sodium gain or water loss

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6
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Excess water accumulation (dilution)

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7
Q

Causes of hyponatremia

A

Excessive sweatingv
vomiting/diarrhea
Diuretics use
excessive urine production (diabetes)

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8
Q

Sodium deficits cause

A

Plasma hypoosmolality and

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9
Q

Hypochloremia

A

the result of hyponatremia and elevated bicarbonate concentration

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10
Q

Know HYPOTONIC Alteration

A

Cell swell

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11
Q

Know ISOTONIC Alteration

A

cell neutral

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12
Q

Know HYPERTONIC Alteration

A

Cell shrinks

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13
Q

The major intracellular cation

A

Potassium

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14
Q

Hyperkalemia

Lead to _______(EKG)

A

> 5.5

Abnormal T waves on the EKG

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15
Q

ECG changes in potassium imbalance

A

U wave
Prolonged
Peaked T waves

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16
Q

U-wave

A

repolarization

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17
Q

Calcium located in the

Calcium controlled by 3 hormones: cite

A

bone

parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, calcitonin (Thyroid)

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18
Q

PTH

A

Secretion in response to low blood calcium levels

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19
Q

What decreased blood calcium

A

Calcitonin

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20
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Build bone

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21
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Cracks bone.

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22
Q

Hyperphosphotemia related to _______ ___levels

A

low calcium

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23
Q

Treatment for hyperphosphate

A

treat underlying condition

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24
Q

Treatment for hyperphosphate

A

treat underlying condition

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25
Q

Magnesium is a intracellular -_______

A

Cation

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26
Q

List the four common of increase EDEMA

A

There are four common causes of increased edema

  1. increased hydrostatic pressure
  2. decreased plasma oncotic pressure
  3. increased capillary membrane permeability
  4. lymphatic obstruction.
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27
Q

During acidosis, potassium is shifted ______cell in exchange for hydrogen ions.

A

out of the

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28
Q

Aldosterone is secreted when potassium is ________

A

elevated.

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29
Q

Causes of Hypernatremia

A

Inappropriate administration of hypertonic saline
Cushing Syndrome
Over-secretion of Aldosterone

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30
Q

In DKA, potassium is shifted _____ in exchange for hydrogen ions, and then shifted back into the cells when _____ is given

A

out ; insulin

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31
Q

Hyperparathyroid causes an ______ In calcium. Causes of HYPERPARATHYROIDISM

A

increase in calcium.
bone metastases with calcium resorption from cervical, breast, and prostate cancer.
Sarcoidosis

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32
Q

_______ a hormone that is secreted when sodium levels are depressed.

A

ALDOSTERONE

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33
Q

Aldosterone is secreted when potassium is ________or sodium is ________

A

increased; decreased.

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34
Q

______________ often occurs with acidosis.

A

Hyperkalemia

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35
Q

During acidosis, hydrogen is taken up in the cell; when this occurs,__________________

A

it is exchanged for potassium and serum potassium rises.

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36
Q

Aldosterone promotes the secretion of ________

A

potassium.

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37
Q

Thirst is experienced when water loss is equal to approximately ______ of body weight.

A

2%

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38
Q

______ and ________ are the primary factors that regulate water balance.

A

Thirst and secretion of ADH

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39
Q

When the ECF is ________, water moves from the intravascular space to the interstitial space, across the cell membrane into the cell. This causes the cell to swell.

A

hypotonic; swell.

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40
Q

__________major intracellular cation other than K+

A

Magnesium

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41
Q

__________major intracellular cation other than K+. Symptoms of low magnesium

A

Magnesium; weakness and depression

42
Q

When the serum concentration falls below 8.5 mg/dl, there is a deficiency of calcium. It occurs with _______and __________ ______ deficiency. _______ and ________are causes of the symptoms.

A

vitamin D and parathyroid hormone deficiency.

Metabolic and respiratory alkalosis

43
Q 
Distribution of body fluids 
newborn \_\_\_\_\_ to \_\_\_\_TBW
Childhood \_\_\_\_\_ to \_\_\_\_TBW
Adults \_\_\_\_\_\_ TBW
Older \_\_\_\_\_\_with age
A

70-90%
60-65%
60%
Declines.

44
Q

Starling’s law of Capillaries

A

Net filtration is equal to the forces favoring filtration minus the forces opposing filtration

45
Q

2 causes of Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

A

Hypertension

venous obstruction or insufficiency

46
Q

Hypertension / venous obstruction or insufficiency are due to

A

INCREASED CAPILLARY HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

47
Q

________ blood colloidal osmotic pressure (losses or diminished production
of albumin) Examples: Liver disease, malnutrition

A

Decreased; Liver disease, malnutrition

48
Q

Inflammation and immune response, severe burns are due to _______

A

Increased capillary permeability

49
Q

Lymph obstruction (lymphedema)

A

(lymphedema)

50
Q

2 main causes of edema

A

Causes: increase in “filtration” or decrease in “reabsorption”

51
Q

Kidney: Another cause of edema is ______

A

sodium retention

Protein loss

52
Q

Responsible for half of the osmotic
pressure gradient between the
interior of cells and the surrounding
environment (attracts water).

A

SODIUM

53
Q

Predominant extracellular ions responsible for ACID BASE BALANCE

A

Chloride ions

54
Q

ADH secretion is stimulated by

A

increased in plasma osmolality

Decrease in plasma volume

55
Q

Increased in plasma osmolarity is detected by

A

BRAIN OSMORECEPTORS

56
Q

Secretion of ADH leads to

A

Renal Water retention

57
Q

2 main causes of hypernatremia

A

Excessive dietary intake

Over secretion of Aldosterone

58
Q

HYPOKALEMIA causes _______ of the cell and (DSSC)

A

Decreased neuromuscular excitability
o Skeletal muscle weakness
o Smooth muscle atony
o Cardiac dysrhythmias

59
Q

_______Neuromuscular excitabiliy due to HYPOKALEMIA

A

DECREASED

60
Q

Rigidly controlled for calcium balance

A

CALCIUM and phosphate

61
Q

Which hormones Stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts (indirect stimulation).

A

PTH

62
Q

PTH( up/downregulates) enzymes responsible for converting vitamin D to its ________________
Increases calcium absorption from the ________ via __________

A

upregulates ; active form (1, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D)

GI tract:; calbindins.

63
Q

PTH is Secreted in response to ______ blood calcium levels.
Increases plasma calcium levels via ____ _______
Active transport of calcium and magnesium from _________tubules
Blocks reabsorption of ________
PTH binds to _________ (‘bone makers’) which indirectly activates __________

A

low;
Increases plasma calcium levels via kidney reabsorption.
- Distal convoluted tubules
Blocks reabsorption of phosphate (phosphate excreted in urine)
Stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts (indirect stimulation).
Osteoblasts (‘bone makers’) which indirectly activates new osteoclasts

64
Q

_________parafollicular cells of the Thyroid

A

Calcitonin

65
Q

________ (nerve hypersensitivity when facial nerve is tapped) associated which electrolyte imbalance.

A

Chvostek sign : low calcium

66
Q

_______spasm of hand muscles when brachial artery occluded) associated which electrolyte imbalance.

A

Trousseau sign: Low calcium

67
Q

The buffer systems functioning in blood plasma include: 3

A
  1. Plasma proteins
  2. Phosphate
  3. Bicarbonate-carbonic acid system
68
Q

Acids are formed as end products of

A

protein
carbohydrate
Fat metabolism

69
Q

Explain PROTEINS as BUFFERS. Proteins are made up of _______ which contain _____ ______ _____groups and ______ ______ ____ groups. The charged regions of these molecules can bind________ and _______ions, and thus function as _______
Buffering by proteins accounts for _______of the buffering power of the blood andmost of the buffering within cells. At systemic capillaries reduced ______________buffers the liberated _______ ions from _________(this process is reversed at ________ to reform ______

A

1.made up of amino acids, which contain positively charged amino groups
and negatively charged carboxyl groups;
2.hydrogen and hydroxyl; buffers; two-thirds
reduced hemoglobin (after dissociation of oxygen)
hydrogen ions ; carbonic acid; reversed at pulmonary capillaries; carbon dioxide

70
Q

PHOSPHATE BUFFERS:
Phosphates are found in the blood in two forms: _____ _______ ______
(Na2H2PO4− ), which is a weak acid, and _______ ___________
(Na2HPO42- ), which is a weak base.

A

sodium dihydrogen phosphate
(Na2H2PO4− )
sodium monohydrogen phosphate
(Na2HPO42- ),

71
Q

HCl + Na2HPO4 → NaH2PO4 + NaCl

A

(strong acid) + (weak base) → (weak acid) + (salt)

72
Q

NaOH + NaH2PO4 → Na2HPO4 + H2 O

A

(strong base) + (weak acid) → (weak base) + (water)

73
Q

Bicarbonate will capture _______ ions to form _______

Carbonic Acid will react with a strong base to form Bicarbonate and water

A

hydrogen ions to form Carbonic Acid

NaHCO3 + HCl → H2CO3 + NaCl
(sodium bicarbonate) + (strong acid) → (weak acid) + (salt)

H2CO3 + NaOH → HCO3- + H2O
(weak acid) + (strong base) → (bicarbonate) + (water)

74
Q

Bicarbonate ions and carbonic acid are present in the blood in a ____ ratio

A

20:1

75
Q

______ ____levels are controlled by the expiration of CO2 through the lungs.

A

Carbonic acid

76
Q

The level of bicarbonate in the blood is controlled through the renal system.
Which part regulared by lung ? which part by the kidney?

A

CO2 + H2O –>H2CO3 –> HCO3–+ H

77
Q

Renal regulation of acid-base balance

acidosis? by secretion of _______ and ________ of _______

A

Kidney compensates for acidosis by secretion of H+ hydrogen ions
And reabsorption of bicarbonate

78
Q

Respiratory acidosis is ________ as a result of _________

A

Elevation of pCO2 as a result of ventilation depression

79
Q

Respiratory alkalosis - ________ as a result of __________

A

Depression of pCO2 as a result of hyperventilation

80
Q

Metabolic acidosis - __________or an increase in__________

A

Depression of HCO3- or an increase in non-carbonic acids

81
Q

Metabolic alkalosis -__________ as a result of an excessive loss of _________

A

Elevation of HCO3- usually as a result of an excessive loss of metabolic acids

82
Q 
Respiratory Acidosis \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_Alveolar ventilation. May be causes by 
1. 3 examples of nerve disorders
2.
3.
4.
A

Decreased alveolar ventilation
1 Nerve /Muscle disorders such as
Guillain-Barre syndrome, Myasthenia gravis, toxins (organophosphates, snake venom)
**Lung or Chest Wall defects
**Airway disorders
*** External factors : inadequate mechanical ventilation,

83
Q

Causes of metabolic Alkalosis (PEND)

A

Prolonged vomiting
Excessive bicarbonate intake
Nasogastric suctioning
Diuretic therapy

84
Q

Causes of Metabolic Acidosis (MUDPILES)

Manifestations:
Headache
Lethargy
Hyperventilation (kussmall Respirations)

A

Lactic acidosis, Alcoholic, Diabetic or Starvation (ketoacidosis)
Renal failure
Diarrhea

85
Q

What is the compensation for metabolic acidosis?

A

Hyperventilation and renal excretion of excess acid

86
Q

Manifestations of Metabolic acidosis.

A

Headache
Lethargy
Hyperventilation (kussmall Respirations)

87
Q

Kussmaul’s Respirations is associated with

A

Metabolic acidosis.

88
Q

What is the compensation for metabolic Alkalosis ?

A

Respiratory CO2 retention

89
Q

What is the compensation for respiratory acidosis ?

A

Renal bicarbonate retention and hydrogen elimination

90
Q

What is the compensation for respiratory alkalosis ?

A

Renal bicarbonate elimination and hydrogen RETENTION

91
Q

How many net ATP molecules are produced by the complete metabolism (all pathways) of one glucose molecule?How many net ATP molecules are produced by the complete metabolism (all pathways) of one glucose molecule?

A

30-32

92
Q

The main purpose of the citric acid cycle is to

A

supply hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain

93
Q

The end products of aerobic respiration are

A

CO2, water and ATP

94
Q

Most of the ATP from metabolism is produced in the

A

ETS

95
Q

The end products of glycolysis are

A

ATP
NADH
Pyruvic avid

96
Q

The two most important coenzymes for glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are

A

NAD

FAD

97
Q

Glycolysis produces__pyruvate and ____ATP

A

2 pyruvate molecules with a net gain of 2 ATP molecules

98
Q

In order for glycolysis to proceed, which of the following need NOT be present?

A

Acetyl-CoA

99
Q

Lipogenesis generally begins with

A

Acetyl-CoA

100
Q

The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during

A

The citric acid cycle

SRNAanatomy (25 decks)

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