Week 2 Cellular Environment Flashcards
Properties of water: speak of specific heat (H/L); surface tension (H/L) hydrogen bonding and ph; boils at _____ and freezes at ____
High specific heat High surface tension Form hydrogen bonds with itself. Neutral ph 100; 32
Water moves between plasma and interstitial through
OSMOSIS and HYDROSTATIC pressure
Renin-angiotesin-aldosterone system (RAAS): is is a _______ of the _______ stimulated by _______. Responsible for the _________ by _____Tubules of the kidney nephron.
Steroid hormone of the adrenal cortex
stimulated by angiotensin II
Reabsorption of sodium by distal tubular (collecting duct) of the kidney nephron.
Natriuretic peptides
Decreased tubular reabsorption of sodium and promotes urinary excretion of sodium
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Brain natriuretic peptide.
Hypernatremia
Related to sodium gain or water loss
Hyponatremia
Excess water accumulation (dilution)
Causes of hyponatremia
Excessive sweatingv
vomiting/diarrhea
Diuretics use
excessive urine production (diabetes)
Sodium deficits cause
Plasma hypoosmolality and
Hypochloremia
the result of hyponatremia and elevated bicarbonate concentration
Know HYPOTONIC Alteration
Cell swell
Know ISOTONIC Alteration
cell neutral
Know HYPERTONIC Alteration
Cell shrinks
The major intracellular cation
Potassium
Hyperkalemia
Lead to _______(EKG)
> 5.5
Abnormal T waves on the EKG
ECG changes in potassium imbalance
U wave
Prolonged
Peaked T waves
U-wave
repolarization
Calcium located in the
Calcium controlled by 3 hormones: cite
bone
parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, calcitonin (Thyroid)
PTH
Secretion in response to low blood calcium levels
What decreased blood calcium
Calcitonin
Osteoblasts
Build bone
Osteoclasts
Cracks bone.
Hyperphosphotemia related to _______ ___levels
low calcium
Treatment for hyperphosphate
treat underlying condition
Treatment for hyperphosphate
treat underlying condition
Magnesium is a intracellular -_______
Cation
List the four common of increase EDEMA
There are four common causes of increased edema
- increased hydrostatic pressure
- decreased plasma oncotic pressure
- increased capillary membrane permeability
- lymphatic obstruction.
During acidosis, potassium is shifted ______cell in exchange for hydrogen ions.
out of the
Aldosterone is secreted when potassium is ________
elevated.
Causes of Hypernatremia
Inappropriate administration of hypertonic saline
Cushing Syndrome
Over-secretion of Aldosterone
In DKA, potassium is shifted _____ in exchange for hydrogen ions, and then shifted back into the cells when _____ is given
out ; insulin
Hyperparathyroid causes an ______ In calcium. Causes of HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
increase in calcium.
bone metastases with calcium resorption from cervical, breast, and prostate cancer.
Sarcoidosis
_______ a hormone that is secreted when sodium levels are depressed.
ALDOSTERONE
Aldosterone is secreted when potassium is ________or sodium is ________
increased; decreased.
______________ often occurs with acidosis.
Hyperkalemia
During acidosis, hydrogen is taken up in the cell; when this occurs,__________________
it is exchanged for potassium and serum potassium rises.
Aldosterone promotes the secretion of ________
potassium.
Thirst is experienced when water loss is equal to approximately ______ of body weight.
2%
______ and ________ are the primary factors that regulate water balance.
Thirst and secretion of ADH
When the ECF is ________, water moves from the intravascular space to the interstitial space, across the cell membrane into the cell. This causes the cell to swell.
hypotonic; swell.
__________major intracellular cation other than K+
Magnesium
__________major intracellular cation other than K+. Symptoms of low magnesium
Magnesium; weakness and depression
When the serum concentration falls below 8.5 mg/dl, there is a deficiency of calcium. It occurs with _______and __________ ______ deficiency. _______ and ________are causes of the symptoms.
vitamin D and parathyroid hormone deficiency.
Metabolic and respiratory alkalosis
Distribution of body fluids newborn \_\_\_\_\_ to \_\_\_\_TBW Childhood \_\_\_\_\_ to \_\_\_\_TBW Adults \_\_\_\_\_\_ TBW Older \_\_\_\_\_\_with age
70-90%
60-65%
60%
Declines.
Starling’s law of Capillaries
Net filtration is equal to the forces favoring filtration minus the forces opposing filtration
2 causes of Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Hypertension
venous obstruction or insufficiency
Hypertension / venous obstruction or insufficiency are due to
INCREASED CAPILLARY HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
________ blood colloidal osmotic pressure (losses or diminished production
of albumin) Examples: Liver disease, malnutrition
Decreased; Liver disease, malnutrition
Inflammation and immune response, severe burns are due to _______
Increased capillary permeability
Lymph obstruction (lymphedema)
(lymphedema)
2 main causes of edema
Causes: increase in “filtration” or decrease in “reabsorption”
Kidney: Another cause of edema is ______
sodium retention
Protein loss
Responsible for half of the osmotic
pressure gradient between the
interior of cells and the surrounding
environment (attracts water).
SODIUM
Predominant extracellular ions responsible for ACID BASE BALANCE
Chloride ions
ADH secretion is stimulated by
increased in plasma osmolality
Decrease in plasma volume
Increased in plasma osmolarity is detected by
BRAIN OSMORECEPTORS
Secretion of ADH leads to
Renal Water retention
2 main causes of hypernatremia
Excessive dietary intake
Over secretion of Aldosterone
HYPOKALEMIA causes _______ of the cell and (DSSC)
Decreased neuromuscular excitability
o Skeletal muscle weakness
o Smooth muscle atony
o Cardiac dysrhythmias
_______Neuromuscular excitabiliy due to HYPOKALEMIA
DECREASED
Rigidly controlled for calcium balance
CALCIUM and phosphate
Which hormones Stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts (indirect stimulation).
PTH
PTH( up/downregulates) enzymes responsible for converting vitamin D to its ________________
Increases calcium absorption from the ________ via __________
upregulates ; active form (1, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D)
GI tract:; calbindins.
PTH is Secreted in response to ______ blood calcium levels.
Increases plasma calcium levels via ____ _______
Active transport of calcium and magnesium from _________tubules
Blocks reabsorption of ________
PTH binds to _________ (‘bone makers’) which indirectly activates __________
low;
Increases plasma calcium levels via kidney reabsorption.
- Distal convoluted tubules
Blocks reabsorption of phosphate (phosphate excreted in urine)
Stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts (indirect stimulation).
Osteoblasts (‘bone makers’) which indirectly activates new osteoclasts
_________parafollicular cells of the Thyroid
Calcitonin
________ (nerve hypersensitivity when facial nerve is tapped) associated which electrolyte imbalance.
Chvostek sign : low calcium
_______spasm of hand muscles when brachial artery occluded) associated which electrolyte imbalance.
Trousseau sign: Low calcium
The buffer systems functioning in blood plasma include: 3
- Plasma proteins
- Phosphate
- Bicarbonate-carbonic acid system
Acids are formed as end products of
protein
carbohydrate
Fat metabolism
Explain PROTEINS as BUFFERS. Proteins are made up of _______ which contain _____ ______ _____groups and ______ ______ ____ groups. The charged regions of these molecules can bind________ and _______ions, and thus function as _______
Buffering by proteins accounts for _______of the buffering power of the blood andmost of the buffering within cells. At systemic capillaries reduced ______________buffers the liberated _______ ions from _________(this process is reversed at ________ to reform ______
1.made up of amino acids, which contain positively charged amino groups
and negatively charged carboxyl groups;
2.hydrogen and hydroxyl; buffers; two-thirds
reduced hemoglobin (after dissociation of oxygen)
hydrogen ions ; carbonic acid; reversed at pulmonary capillaries; carbon dioxide
PHOSPHATE BUFFERS:
Phosphates are found in the blood in two forms: _____ _______ ______
(Na2H2PO4− ), which is a weak acid, and _______ ___________
(Na2HPO42- ), which is a weak base.
sodium dihydrogen phosphate
(Na2H2PO4− )
sodium monohydrogen phosphate
(Na2HPO42- ),
HCl + Na2HPO4 → NaH2PO4 + NaCl
(strong acid) + (weak base) → (weak acid) + (salt)
NaOH + NaH2PO4 → Na2HPO4 + H2 O
(strong base) + (weak acid) → (weak base) + (water)
Bicarbonate will capture _______ ions to form _______
Carbonic Acid will react with a strong base to form Bicarbonate and water
hydrogen ions to form Carbonic Acid
NaHCO3 + HCl → H2CO3 + NaCl
(sodium bicarbonate) + (strong acid) → (weak acid) + (salt)
H2CO3 + NaOH → HCO3- + H2O
(weak acid) + (strong base) → (bicarbonate) + (water)
Bicarbonate ions and carbonic acid are present in the blood in a ____ ratio
20:1
______ ____levels are controlled by the expiration of CO2 through the lungs.
Carbonic acid
The level of bicarbonate in the blood is controlled through the renal system.
Which part regulared by lung ? which part by the kidney?
CO2 + H2O –>H2CO3 –> HCO3–+ H
Renal regulation of acid-base balance
acidosis? by secretion of _______ and ________ of _______
Kidney compensates for acidosis by secretion of H+ hydrogen ions
And reabsorption of bicarbonate
Respiratory acidosis is ________ as a result of _________
Elevation of pCO2 as a result of ventilation depression
Respiratory alkalosis - ________ as a result of __________
Depression of pCO2 as a result of hyperventilation
Metabolic acidosis - __________or an increase in__________
Depression of HCO3- or an increase in non-carbonic acids
Metabolic alkalosis -__________ as a result of an excessive loss of _________
Elevation of HCO3- usually as a result of an excessive loss of metabolic acids
Respiratory Acidosis \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_Alveolar ventilation. May be causes by 1. 3 examples of nerve disorders 2. 3. 4.
Decreased alveolar ventilation
1 Nerve /Muscle disorders such as
Guillain-Barre syndrome, Myasthenia gravis, toxins (organophosphates, snake venom)
**Lung or Chest Wall defects
**Airway disorders
*** External factors : inadequate mechanical ventilation,
Causes of metabolic Alkalosis (PEND)
Prolonged vomiting
Excessive bicarbonate intake
Nasogastric suctioning
Diuretic therapy
Causes of Metabolic Acidosis (MUDPILES)
Manifestations:
Headache
Lethargy
Hyperventilation (kussmall Respirations)
Lactic acidosis, Alcoholic, Diabetic or Starvation (ketoacidosis)
Renal failure
Diarrhea
What is the compensation for metabolic acidosis?
Hyperventilation and renal excretion of excess acid
Manifestations of Metabolic acidosis.
Headache
Lethargy
Hyperventilation (kussmall Respirations)
Kussmaul’s Respirations is associated with
Metabolic acidosis.
What is the compensation for metabolic Alkalosis ?
Respiratory CO2 retention
What is the compensation for respiratory acidosis ?
Renal bicarbonate retention and hydrogen elimination
What is the compensation for respiratory alkalosis ?
Renal bicarbonate elimination and hydrogen RETENTION
How many net ATP molecules are produced by the complete metabolism (all pathways) of one glucose molecule?How many net ATP molecules are produced by the complete metabolism (all pathways) of one glucose molecule?
30-32
The main purpose of the citric acid cycle is to
supply hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain
The end products of aerobic respiration are
CO2, water and ATP
Most of the ATP from metabolism is produced in the
ETS
The end products of glycolysis are
ATP
NADH
Pyruvic avid
The two most important coenzymes for glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are
NAD
FAD
Glycolysis produces__pyruvate and ____ATP
2 pyruvate molecules with a net gain of 2 ATP molecules
In order for glycolysis to proceed, which of the following need NOT be present?
Acetyl-CoA
Lipogenesis generally begins with
Acetyl-CoA
The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during
The citric acid cycle
