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SRNAanatomy > Week 1- The Cell > Flashcards

Week 1- The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Protein synthesis

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2
Q

What is the 2 role of the smooth endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Detoxification/ lipid metabolism

STEROID HORMONES SYNTHESIS

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3
Q

Which organelle is responsible for Steroid hormone synthesis?

A

Smooth ER

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4
Q

Network of SACLIKE CHANNELS

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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5
Q

Where are proteins from the ER packaged?and TRANSPORTED

A

In the Golgi complex

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6
Q

The Golgi complex contains _______and _______

A

Secretory vesicles and cisternae

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7
Q

PROKARYOTE

A

Unicellular: bacteria and fungi

No membrane bound organelle

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8
Q

EUKARYOTE

A

True nucleus
Membrane bound organelles
Animals and plant cells

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9
Q

Flattened, stacks of dishes looking organelles

A

Golgi complex

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10
Q

What is the function of the golgi complex?

A

REFINING PLANTS , directs traffic

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11
Q

Lipids, proteins, glycoproteins all pass through which organelle?

A

Golgi complex

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12
Q

__________originates from the Golgi Complex

A

Lysosomes

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13
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Intracellular DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

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14
Q

Lysosomes secretes which enzymes

A

ACID HYDROLASES

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15
Q

Which organelle is responsible for the degradation and RECYLING of cellular components?

A

LYSOSOMES

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16
Q

Used by phagocytes to DESTROY PATHOGENS

A

LYSOSOMES

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17
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Aerobic cellular respiration

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18
Q

State the Meyer-Overton Theory?

A

The greater the lipid solubility of the compound, the greater is its anesthetic potency.

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19
Q

What is the role of the histone proteins?

A

For DNA folding

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20
Q

Which organelle is responsible for cell division and genetic information?

A

the nucleus.

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21
Q

Responsible for cell shape and internal organization

A

Microfilaments

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22
Q

Drugs that affects microtubule and filaments: PACLITAXIL (Taxol)

A

stabilizes microtubules and causes mitotic arrest

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23
Q

ANESTHETICS DRUGS bind to what kind of proteins?

A

TUBULIN PROTEIN

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24
Q

The two subunits of tubulin proteins

A

beta/ alpha

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25
Q

Separate extracellular environment from intracellular environment

A

Plasma membrane

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26
Q

Plasma membrane also provide cell-to cell _______and ________

A

recognition and communication

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27
Q

What is the structure of a phopholipid?

A

one PHOSPHATE FUNCTIONAL group

2 Fatty acids chains and GLYCEROL

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28
Q

Phospholipids are amphipatic meaning?

A

Hydrophillic head

Hydrophobic tail

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29
Q

Which drugs directly stimulates the GABA receptors?

A

PROPOFOL

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30
Q

Describe the chain of events when GABA receptors gets stimulated by GABA?

A

it opens the chloride ions channels, and there is an influx of Chloride ions which leads to HYPERPOLARISATION thereby INHIBITING ELECTRICAL NERVE SIGNALS

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31
Q

What is the site of lipid synthesis

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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32
Q

The process by which messenger RNA is formed from DNA is called

A

TRANSCRIPTION

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33
Q

The process resulting in the assembly of a functional protein from messenger RNA is called

A

TRANSLATION

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34
Q

Which structure prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma membrane?

A

LIPID BILAYER

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35
Q

What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps?

A

PROTEINS

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36
Q

Which mode of chemical signaling uses blood to transport communication to cells some distance away?

A

HORMONAL

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37
Q

Which mode of chemical signaling uses local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up, destroyed, or immobilized?

A

PARACRINE

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38
Q

Neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic membrane by binding to:

A

RECEPTORS on the membrane.

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39
Q

How do cells receive communication from the extracellular fluid surrounding them?

A

Chemical messengers such as LIGANDS

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40
Q

When a second message is necessary for extracellular communication to be activated, it is provided by which one?

A

ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE

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41
Q

What are the two MAJOR second messenger PATHWAYs

A 
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) 
Calcium
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42
Q

What are the functions of PROTEINS

A

Proteins are binding units.
Proteins are transport channels.
Proteins provide cell surface markers.
Proteins are chemical reaction catalysts.

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43
Q

What are the primary components of the cytoskeleton?

A

MICROTUBULES

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44
Q

MAJOR Chemical Components of cell membrane

A

PROTEINS

LIPIDS

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45
Q

When a mucous gland cell creates a new substance from previously absorbed material, this process is known as which specialized cellular function?

A

Secretion

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46
Q

A muscle cell possesses which specialized function?

A

Movement

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47
Q

What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to initiate an action potential?

A

Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive (depolarization)

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48
Q

Potassium and sodium are transported across plasma membranes by:

A

Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) enzyme

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49
Q

What is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids is transferred to adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

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50
Q

Active transport occurs across which type of membranes?

A

Membranes that have receptors that are capable of binding with the substances to be transported

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51
Q

_______ __________(_____And____) involves integral or transmembrane proteins with receptors having a high degree of specificity for the substance being transported.

A

Mediated transport (passive and active)

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52
Q

The transport of glucose from the blood to the cell is accomplished by which process?

A

Passive-mediated diffusion (Facilitated diffusion)

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53
Q

Why is it possible for potassium to diffuse easily into and out of cells?

A

The membrane is more permeable to potassium

54
Q

NDMA Receptors : What are they

A

Ligand gated channels in the brain

55
Q

When stimulated by the excitatory neurotransmitter, __________ the ion channels opens and allows _____,______ and _____ into the cells. This influx of positive ions does what>

A

Glutamate; Sodium, potassium and calcium; formulates and action potential and the transmission of nerve impulses.

56
Q

Cell junctions Types (3)

A

Desmosomes
Tight junctions
Gap junctions

57
Q

Tight Junctions

A

barriers to diffusion

58
Q

GAP Junctions

A

Cells in physical contact with each other; tunnel between cells. Lets water, ions and everything else travel back and forth. CELLS that use action potential and require electrical signals (cardiac muscle) and NEURONS.

59
Q

Desmosomes

A

Connection hold together, Water and ions CAN FLOW between cells, (in tissues skin and intestines)

60
Q

Hormones using cAMP as a secondary messenger?

A 
FLAT CHAMPS CG
FSH 
LH
AcTH
TSH
CRH
hCG
ANP
MSH
PTH
CT (calcitonin)
Glucagon
61
Q

cAMP Secondary Messenger activation steps from (slide)

A

FAAACA (
First messenger bind receptor
Activation of the G-S protein
Activation of the enzyme ADENYLYL CYCLASE
ATP converted to AMP (Loses 2 phosphate)’
CAMP dependent PROTEIN KINASE phosphorylates proteins
Altered proteins shape brings about cellular changes.

62
Q

Examples of neurotransmitter using cAMP? Name which receptor for each one

A

Epinephrine (ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS)

Acetylcholine (Muscarinic Receptors)

63
Q

IP3/ Calcium secondary messenger steps

A

1) first messenger bind to the receptor
2) activates G-protein coupled receptor
3) G-protein coupled receptor activates the enzymes PHOSPHOLIPASE C
4) Phospholipase C Cleaves IP2 Into two molecules DAG and IP3–> DAG stays embeddd in the membrane
5) IP3 travels to the ER and activates the IP3/Ca2+ channel
6) Release of Ca 2+ in the intracellular space
7) Activation of CALMODULIN induces proteins to change shape
8) Altered bring about the cellular response.

64
Q

The chemical tasks of maintaining cellular functions and provide ______ to cell

A

CELLULAR Metabolism: energy

65
Q

what is the definition of CATABOLISM

A

Using energy (energy releasing)

66
Q

What is the definition of ANABOLISM

A

Building up energy (using)

67
Q

What are the molecules which are able to pass through the membrane that are small and uncharge (HUG)

A

H2O (urea)
Urea
Glycerol

68
Q

What are the molecules which are able to pass through the membrane that are HYDROPHOBIC(lipophillic) (COS)

A

CO2
O2
Steroids

69
Q

What are the large molecules which are need help of active transport OR Facilitated diffusion to pass through the membrane?

A

Sucrose
Ions
Glucose

70
Q

What is a UNIPORT

A

Moves one substance in and out going in ONE direction

71
Q

What is SYMPORT

A

Moves 2 substances in and out going in ONE direction

72
Q

What is ANTIPORT

A

Moves 2 substance in TWO different direction

73
Q

What is active transport

A

Moves molecules against a concentration gradient

74
Q

Example of an active transport

A

Sodium Potassium Pump

75
Q

The sodium potassium pump moves _______sodium ____side the cell; and _____ potassium ___Side the cell

A

3; outside;2 inside

76
Q

What is the function of the SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP

A

Helps maintain resting membrane potential

77
Q

Enzyme that regulates the sodium-potassium pump is______ and what does it require to function?

A

ATPase; ATP

78
Q

IMPORTANT What is Endocytosis

A

taking in particles

79
Q

IMPORTANT * Example of Endocytosis

A

Macrophages and neutrophils bring bacteria in

80
Q

WHAT IS EXOCYTOSIS

A

Expelling out

81
Q

The stage of the cell cycle during which a cell prepares to divide by growing in size is __________.

A

G1

82
Q

DNA synthesized during that phase

A

S

83
Q

Under anaerobic what provides energy for the cell? How many ATP per glucose?

A

GLYCOLYSIS , 2 ATP per glucose molecues

84
Q

What is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, proteins and lipids is transferred to ATP

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

85
Q

High degree of specificity

A

Mediated transport

86
Q

The movement of fluid accross the arterial end of capillary membranes into the interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary?

A

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

87
Q

Why OSMOLALITY preferred

A

More of the weight of plasma is influenced by solutes such as PROTEINS and glucose rather than water

88
Q

Transport of GLUCOSE is done through

A

PASSIVE MEDIATED TRANSPORT

89
Q

Potassium and sodium transported across membrane by

A

ATPase

90
Q

What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to initiate an action potential?

A

Sodium gates open
Sodium rushes into cell
Changing the membrane potential from negative to positive (Depolarizing)

91
Q

The action of platelet derived growth is to stimulate the production of _______. Characterized by only _______ cells surrounded by _________ _____

A

Connective Tissues; only a few ; Extracellular matrix

92
Q

Phagocytosis

A

INGESTION OF BACTERIA

93
Q

Which cells lose ability to replicate and divide

A

Nerves
Lens of the eye
Skeletal muscle

94
Q

Synthesizes and transport lipids

A

ER

95
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water DOWN concentration

From high to low

96
Q

Passive diffusion include

A

Osmosis
Hydrostatic pressure
diffusion

97
Q

_______ AND _______ – disassembles microtubules (prevents motility and/or mitosis)

A

Colchicine, Vinblastine

98
Q

Colchicine, Vinblastine disassembles

A

microtubules prevents motility and mitosis

99
Q

Cells that secretes EXTRACELLULAR matrix

A

fibroblasts.

100
Q

Water pushes against cellular membrane

A

Hydrostatic

101
Q

Interphase is

A

Growth phase

102
Q

Separate intracellular from extracelluar

A

Plasma membrane.

103
Q

Receptor molecules on the surface of cells bind specific molecules

A

Ligands

104
Q

Macrophages are cells that engulf and consume germs or debris, organelle full of macrophaes

A

LYSOSOMES

105
Q

Tubulin is to ________ as ____Is to micro______

A

Microtubules; microfilaments.

106
Q

Cytoskeleton moves chromosomes during division.

A

MICROTUBULES

107
Q

Anchor the cytoskeleton to INTERGRAL proteins

A

Microfilaments.

108
Q

When is DNA replicated?

A

Interphase

109
Q

Cell performs its normal fucntions and prepares for division at this phase

A

INTERPHASE

110
Q

duplicating chromosomes

A

Replication

111
Q

A cell duplicates its chromosomes during the ____phase

A

S

112
Q

Electrical potential difference accross the cell membrane is known as ________ due to unequal distribution of _____ and ______

A

Membrane potential; cations and anions.

113
Q

The rate of FACILITATED Diffusion is limited by

A

NUMBER OF AVAILABLE carrier proteins

114
Q

The cation whose concentration drives the secondary active transport

A

SODIUM

115
Q

ATPase____ sodium out and _____potassium in

A

3; 2

116
Q

Glucose transfer with the help of membraine carrier proteins

A

FACILITATED DIFFUSION>

117
Q

There is direct correlation between the potency of a general anesthetic such as ether and its ability to

A

DISSOLVE IN LIPIDS.

118
Q

Control center for cellular operation

A

NUCLEUS

119
Q

_______Signals act on nearby cells by _____ through interstitial fluid

A

PARACRINE; diffusion

120
Q

Mitochondria need a lot of _____to function normally

A

OXYGEN

121
Q

A cell with insufficient oxygen will not be able to perform ________

A

KREBS cycle

122
Q

Neuronal action potential

A 
Sodium permeability increases
Sodium ion moves into the cell
Potassium permeability increases
Potassium ions leave the cell
Resting membrane potential re-established
123
Q

Why intracellular receptors do not use second messenger?________
Why cell surface receptors do?

A

because the ligand enter the cells

Becase ligand cannot enter the cells

124
Q

What kind of tissues found in trachea, trachea bronchial tubes?
Lines cardiovascular and ______system ; heart _______. Also found in

A

HYALINE CARTILAGE’;

Lymphatic; SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM; Air sacs of lungs

125
Q

Smooth muscle tissues found in (ASIUBU)

A 
blood vessels
Airway to lungs
Stomach 
Intestines
Urinary system and bladder
UTERRUS
126
Q

________is a noncompetitive NMDA antagonist. By blocking __________

A

Ketamine; By blocking the receptor, afferent neural impulses are transmitted, but not interpreted by the cortex.

127
Q

Ketamine is a

A

NON-competitive NDMA

128
Q

______receptors, When stimulated by the excitatory neurotransmitter, ________, the ion channel opens and allows ______, _____ and _______ ions to enter the cell. This influx of positive ions stimulates an action potential and the transmission of an electrical nerve impulse.

A

NDMA; glutamate; calcium, potassium and Sodium

129
Q

This drug directly stimulates GABA ____.
Both GABA and NDMA receptors are_______ receptors.
When stimulated by GABA, they open and allow ______ions into the cell. This results in ___________ of the cell membrane which _______ electrical nerve impulse

A

PROPOFOL
Ligand gated
Cl- ; hyperpolarization ; inhibits

130
Q

Many anesthetic drugs exert their clinical effects via an interaction with the______

A

GABA receptor

SRNAanatomy (25 decks)

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