Week 1- The Cell Flashcards
What is the role of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Protein synthesis
What is the 2 role of the smooth endoplasmic Reticulum?
Detoxification/ lipid metabolism
STEROID HORMONES SYNTHESIS
Which organelle is responsible for Steroid hormone synthesis?
Smooth ER
Network of SACLIKE CHANNELS
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Where are proteins from the ER packaged?and TRANSPORTED
In the Golgi complex
The Golgi complex contains _______and _______
Secretory vesicles and cisternae
PROKARYOTE
Unicellular: bacteria and fungi
No membrane bound organelle
EUKARYOTE
True nucleus
Membrane bound organelles
Animals and plant cells
Flattened, stacks of dishes looking organelles
Golgi complex
What is the function of the golgi complex?
REFINING PLANTS , directs traffic
Lipids, proteins, glycoproteins all pass through which organelle?
Golgi complex
__________originates from the Golgi Complex
Lysosomes
What is the function of lysosomes?
Intracellular DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Lysosomes secretes which enzymes
ACID HYDROLASES
Which organelle is responsible for the degradation and RECYLING of cellular components?
LYSOSOMES
Used by phagocytes to DESTROY PATHOGENS
LYSOSOMES
What is the function of mitochondria?
Aerobic cellular respiration
State the Meyer-Overton Theory?
The greater the lipid solubility of the compound, the greater is its anesthetic potency.
What is the role of the histone proteins?
For DNA folding
Which organelle is responsible for cell division and genetic information?
the nucleus.
Responsible for cell shape and internal organization
Microfilaments
Drugs that affects microtubule and filaments: PACLITAXIL (Taxol)
stabilizes microtubules and causes mitotic arrest
ANESTHETICS DRUGS bind to what kind of proteins?
TUBULIN PROTEIN
The two subunits of tubulin proteins
beta/ alpha
Separate extracellular environment from intracellular environment
Plasma membrane
Plasma membrane also provide cell-to cell _______and ________
recognition and communication
What is the structure of a phopholipid?
one PHOSPHATE FUNCTIONAL group
2 Fatty acids chains and GLYCEROL
Phospholipids are amphipatic meaning?
Hydrophillic head
Hydrophobic tail
Which drugs directly stimulates the GABA receptors?
PROPOFOL
Describe the chain of events when GABA receptors gets stimulated by GABA?
it opens the chloride ions channels, and there is an influx of Chloride ions which leads to HYPERPOLARISATION thereby INHIBITING ELECTRICAL NERVE SIGNALS
What is the site of lipid synthesis
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
The process by which messenger RNA is formed from DNA is called
TRANSCRIPTION
The process resulting in the assembly of a functional protein from messenger RNA is called
TRANSLATION
Which structure prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma membrane?
LIPID BILAYER
What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps?
PROTEINS
Which mode of chemical signaling uses blood to transport communication to cells some distance away?
HORMONAL
Which mode of chemical signaling uses local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up, destroyed, or immobilized?
PARACRINE
Neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic membrane by binding to:
RECEPTORS on the membrane.
How do cells receive communication from the extracellular fluid surrounding them?
Chemical messengers such as LIGANDS
When a second message is necessary for extracellular communication to be activated, it is provided by which one?
ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE
What are the two MAJOR second messenger PATHWAYs
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) Calcium
What are the functions of PROTEINS
Proteins are binding units.
Proteins are transport channels.
Proteins provide cell surface markers.
Proteins are chemical reaction catalysts.
What are the primary components of the cytoskeleton?
MICROTUBULES
MAJOR Chemical Components of cell membrane
PROTEINS
LIPIDS
When a mucous gland cell creates a new substance from previously absorbed material, this process is known as which specialized cellular function?
Secretion
A muscle cell possesses which specialized function?
Movement
What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to initiate an action potential?
Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive (depolarization)
Potassium and sodium are transported across plasma membranes by:
Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) enzyme
What is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids is transferred to adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Active transport occurs across which type of membranes?
Membranes that have receptors that are capable of binding with the substances to be transported
_______ __________(_____And____) involves integral or transmembrane proteins with receptors having a high degree of specificity for the substance being transported.
Mediated transport (passive and active)
The transport of glucose from the blood to the cell is accomplished by which process?
Passive-mediated diffusion (Facilitated diffusion)
Why is it possible for potassium to diffuse easily into and out of cells?
The membrane is more permeable to potassium
NDMA Receptors : What are they
Ligand gated channels in the brain
When stimulated by the excitatory neurotransmitter, __________ the ion channels opens and allows _____,______ and _____ into the cells. This influx of positive ions does what>
Glutamate; Sodium, potassium and calcium; formulates and action potential and the transmission of nerve impulses.
Cell junctions Types (3)
Desmosomes
Tight junctions
Gap junctions
Tight Junctions
barriers to diffusion
GAP Junctions
Cells in physical contact with each other; tunnel between cells. Lets water, ions and everything else travel back and forth. CELLS that use action potential and require electrical signals (cardiac muscle) and NEURONS.
Desmosomes
Connection hold together, Water and ions CAN FLOW between cells, (in tissues skin and intestines)
Hormones using cAMP as a secondary messenger?
FLAT CHAMPS CG FSH LH AcTH TSH CRH hCG ANP MSH PTH CT (calcitonin) Glucagon
cAMP Secondary Messenger activation steps from (slide)
FAAACA (
First messenger bind receptor
Activation of the G-S protein
Activation of the enzyme ADENYLYL CYCLASE
ATP converted to AMP (Loses 2 phosphate)’
CAMP dependent PROTEIN KINASE phosphorylates proteins
Altered proteins shape brings about cellular changes.
Examples of neurotransmitter using cAMP? Name which receptor for each one
Epinephrine (ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS)
Acetylcholine (Muscarinic Receptors)
IP3/ Calcium secondary messenger steps
1) first messenger bind to the receptor
2) activates G-protein coupled receptor
3) G-protein coupled receptor activates the enzymes PHOSPHOLIPASE C
4) Phospholipase C Cleaves IP2 Into two molecules DAG and IP3–> DAG stays embeddd in the membrane
5) IP3 travels to the ER and activates the IP3/Ca2+ channel
6) Release of Ca 2+ in the intracellular space
7) Activation of CALMODULIN induces proteins to change shape
8) Altered bring about the cellular response.
The chemical tasks of maintaining cellular functions and provide ______ to cell
CELLULAR Metabolism: energy
what is the definition of CATABOLISM
Using energy (energy releasing)
What is the definition of ANABOLISM
Building up energy (using)
What are the molecules which are able to pass through the membrane that are small and uncharge (HUG)
H2O (urea)
Urea
Glycerol
What are the molecules which are able to pass through the membrane that are HYDROPHOBIC(lipophillic) (COS)
CO2
O2
Steroids
What are the large molecules which are need help of active transport OR Facilitated diffusion to pass through the membrane?
Sucrose
Ions
Glucose
What is a UNIPORT
Moves one substance in and out going in ONE direction
What is SYMPORT
Moves 2 substances in and out going in ONE direction
What is ANTIPORT
Moves 2 substance in TWO different direction
What is active transport
Moves molecules against a concentration gradient
Example of an active transport
Sodium Potassium Pump
The sodium potassium pump moves _______sodium ____side the cell; and _____ potassium ___Side the cell
3; outside;2 inside
What is the function of the SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP
Helps maintain resting membrane potential
Enzyme that regulates the sodium-potassium pump is______ and what does it require to function?
ATPase; ATP
IMPORTANT What is Endocytosis
taking in particles
IMPORTANT * Example of Endocytosis
Macrophages and neutrophils bring bacteria in
WHAT IS EXOCYTOSIS
Expelling out
The stage of the cell cycle during which a cell prepares to divide by growing in size is __________.
G1
DNA synthesized during that phase
S
Under anaerobic what provides energy for the cell? How many ATP per glucose?
GLYCOLYSIS , 2 ATP per glucose molecues
What is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, proteins and lipids is transferred to ATP
Oxidative Phosphorylation
High degree of specificity
Mediated transport
The movement of fluid accross the arterial end of capillary membranes into the interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary?
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
Why OSMOLALITY preferred
More of the weight of plasma is influenced by solutes such as PROTEINS and glucose rather than water
Transport of GLUCOSE is done through
PASSIVE MEDIATED TRANSPORT
Potassium and sodium transported across membrane by
ATPase
What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to initiate an action potential?
Sodium gates open
Sodium rushes into cell
Changing the membrane potential from negative to positive (Depolarizing)
The action of platelet derived growth is to stimulate the production of _______. Characterized by only _______ cells surrounded by _________ _____
Connective Tissues; only a few ; Extracellular matrix
Phagocytosis
INGESTION OF BACTERIA
Which cells lose ability to replicate and divide
Nerves
Lens of the eye
Skeletal muscle
Synthesizes and transport lipids
ER
Osmosis
movement of water DOWN concentration
From high to low
Passive diffusion include
Osmosis
Hydrostatic pressure
diffusion
_______ AND _______ – disassembles microtubules (prevents motility and/or mitosis)
Colchicine, Vinblastine
Colchicine, Vinblastine disassembles
microtubules prevents motility and mitosis
Cells that secretes EXTRACELLULAR matrix
fibroblasts.
Water pushes against cellular membrane
Hydrostatic
Interphase is
Growth phase
Separate intracellular from extracelluar
Plasma membrane.
Receptor molecules on the surface of cells bind specific molecules
Ligands
Macrophages are cells that engulf and consume germs or debris, organelle full of macrophaes
LYSOSOMES
Tubulin is to ________ as ____Is to micro______
Microtubules; microfilaments.
Cytoskeleton moves chromosomes during division.
MICROTUBULES
Anchor the cytoskeleton to INTERGRAL proteins
Microfilaments.
When is DNA replicated?
Interphase
Cell performs its normal fucntions and prepares for division at this phase
INTERPHASE
duplicating chromosomes
Replication
A cell duplicates its chromosomes during the ____phase
S
Electrical potential difference accross the cell membrane is known as ________ due to unequal distribution of _____ and ______
Membrane potential; cations and anions.
The rate of FACILITATED Diffusion is limited by
NUMBER OF AVAILABLE carrier proteins
The cation whose concentration drives the secondary active transport
SODIUM
ATPase____ sodium out and _____potassium in
3; 2
Glucose transfer with the help of membraine carrier proteins
FACILITATED DIFFUSION>
There is direct correlation between the potency of a general anesthetic such as ether and its ability to
DISSOLVE IN LIPIDS.
Control center for cellular operation
NUCLEUS
_______Signals act on nearby cells by _____ through interstitial fluid
PARACRINE; diffusion
Mitochondria need a lot of _____to function normally
OXYGEN
A cell with insufficient oxygen will not be able to perform ________
KREBS cycle
Neuronal action potential
Sodium permeability increases Sodium ion moves into the cell Potassium permeability increases Potassium ions leave the cell Resting membrane potential re-established
Why intracellular receptors do not use second messenger?________
Why cell surface receptors do?
because the ligand enter the cells
Becase ligand cannot enter the cells
What kind of tissues found in trachea, trachea bronchial tubes?
Lines cardiovascular and ______system ; heart _______. Also found in
HYALINE CARTILAGE’;
Lymphatic; SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM; Air sacs of lungs
Smooth muscle tissues found in (ASIUBU)
blood vessels Airway to lungs Stomach Intestines Urinary system and bladder UTERRUS
________is a noncompetitive NMDA antagonist. By blocking __________
Ketamine; By blocking the receptor, afferent neural impulses are transmitted, but not interpreted by the cortex.
Ketamine is a
NON-competitive NDMA
______receptors, When stimulated by the excitatory neurotransmitter, ________, the ion channel opens and allows ______, _____ and _______ ions to enter the cell. This influx of positive ions stimulates an action potential and the transmission of an electrical nerve impulse.
NDMA; glutamate; calcium, potassium and Sodium
This drug directly stimulates GABA ____.
Both GABA and NDMA receptors are_______ receptors.
When stimulated by GABA, they open and allow ______ions into the cell. This results in ___________ of the cell membrane which _______ electrical nerve impulse
PROPOFOL
Ligand gated
Cl- ; hyperpolarization ; inhibits
Many anesthetic drugs exert their clinical effects via an interaction with the______
GABA receptor
