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SRNAanatomy > Immunity SUPP > Flashcards

Immunity SUPP Flashcards

1
Q

In the complement cascade, once ______ is activated and attached to the cell membrane, other complement proteins can form a(n) _________

A

C3b, Membrane-attack Complex

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2
Q

Which of the following is a localized tissue response to injury that is characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain?

A

Inflammation

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3
Q

Chemical mediators of inflammation include which of the following?

A

Histamin
Heparin
Prostaglandins
Complement proteins

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4
Q

Small proteins released from tissue cells infected with viruses, as well as from activated lymphocytes and macrophages, are called

A

Interferons

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5
Q

Perforins are proteins released from NK cells to ___________

A

perforate the cell membrane of abnormal cells.

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6
Q

________ proteins are plasma proteins that bind and destroy bacteria.

A

Complement

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7
Q

Action of activated Killer cells

A

Recognition and adhesion
Realignment of the golgi apparatus
Section of Perforins
Lysis of abnormal cells

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8
Q

Antibodies may promote inflammation through the stimulation of

A

Mast cells

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9
Q

The enhancement of phagocytosis is called

A

Opsonization

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10
Q

Neutrophils, once activated, do release______ and ________ as part of their respiratory burst. Neutrophils also release ________ to draw more neutrophils to the site of the infection.

A

Hydrogen Peroxide and Nitrous Oxide ;

cytokines

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11
Q

Histamine is secreted by

A

Mast cells

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12
Q

Destroy the intergrity of the target cells

A

Membrane attack complex (MAC)

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13
Q

The activation of complement can occur by 3 different routes:

A

Classical pathway
Lectin pathway
Alternative pathway.

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14
Q

What slows the spread of viral infections- RESISTANCE TO VIRAL INFECTION

A

Interferons

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15
Q

Which interferons produced by infected cells with viruses

A

Interferons alpha

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16
Q

Which interferons secreted by fibroblasts and Slows INFLAMMATION in damaged area

A

Interferon Beta

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17
Q

Which interferons secreted by T cells and NK cells and STIMULATED MACROPHAGES

A

Interferon Gamma

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18
Q

Those cells are involved in immunological surveillance.

A

Natural Killer cells

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19
Q

Mast cells participate in tissue defense by stimulation and coordination of ________ by releasing ______ and ______

A

inflammation; Histamine and heparin

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20
Q

Mast cells are located near many blood vessels throughout the body. These cells store _________ in _______ _______, which are released in response to mechanical stress or local chemical changes.

A

histamine in cytoplasmic granules; released in response to mechanical stress or local chemical changes.

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21
Q

Histamine does what

A

increases vessel permeability in capillaries and speeds up blood flow throughout the injured site. This increased blood flow results in most of the changes seen in acute inflammation, including heat, pain, redness, and swelling

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22
Q

Phagocytes are attracted or repelled by chemicals through a phenomenon called _________.

A

Chemotaxis

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23
Q

Microphages are phagocytes that circulate in the blood. These include ______________ .

A

Neutrophils and Eosinophils

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24
Q

The greatest Benefits that the FEVER PROVIDE is

A

Increase your cell Metabolism

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25
Q

Neutrophils DO NOT SECRETE

A

Histamine

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26
Q

The release of __________ is not an effect of complement activation. Complement proteins are a group of over 30 circulating proteins which function as__________. They stimulate

A

The release of pyrogens to cause a fever
part of the INNATE, NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNE SYSTEM
Inflammation during tissue injury.

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27
Q

All 3 complement pathway activation included that splitting of

A

splitting of inactive C3 protein to activated C3b and C3a proteins

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28
Q

NK cells, which contain the proteins ______ and ________, provide a type of immunity called

A

perforin and protectin IMMUNOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE

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29
Q

Mast cells do not

A

release antibodies

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30
Q

What property of adaptive immunity allows a person to have the chicken pox when he or she is six years old and still be immune to chicken pox at age 45?

A

Memory

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31
Q

The primary response of CD8 T cell differentiation in cell-mediated immunity is the production of __________ cells.

A

CYTOTOXIC

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32
Q

The T cells that limit the degree of immune system activation from a single stimulus are __________.

A

Regulatory T cells

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33
Q

When an antigen appears, the ______ immune system response begins with __________.

A

ADAPTIVE; the activation of specific T cells and B cells

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34
Q

What is the hallmark of the adaptive immune system?

A

The interaction of a specific antigen and a specific antibody is

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35
Q

In the adaptive immune system, the T cells___________while B cells transform into _____Cells, which

A

The T cells mediate a direct attack on the pathogen.
B cells transform into plasma cells, which produce antibodies that bind the antigen and mark it for destruction by the rest of the immune system.

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36
Q

In humans, innate immunity includes circulating proteins such as _______, _______ and _______. Many of these destroy pathogens by cell lysis, phagocytosis, and inducing apoptosis.

A

omplement, macrophages, and NK cells.

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37
Q

In humans, innate immunity includes circulating proteins such as _______, _______ and _______. Many of these destroy pathogens by cell lysis, phagocytosis, and inducing apoptosis.

A

complement, macrophages, and NK cells.

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38
Q

______,______, ______ immunity, are forms of adaptive immunity.

A

Passive, acquired, and active immunity

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39
Q

The primary response :

A

takes several weeks to be fully implemented, which may allow pathogens time to replicate.

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40
Q

In contrast, the secondary immune response takes_____________ to produce a massive antibody response

A

less than a week

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41
Q

What type of leukocyte functions as an antigen-presenting cell?

A

MACROPHAGES

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42
Q

What are the two major ways that the body carries out the immune response against a specific antigen?

A

Direct attack by T-cells

Attack by circulating antibodies.

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43
Q

An adaptive defense mechanism is always activated by

A

Antigen

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44
Q

The intentional introduction of antigenic materials into the body is called __________.

A

artificially acquired active immunity

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45
Q

When any of your body cells becomes infected with a pathogen, to what protein do the foreign peptides become attached that initiates the immune response?

A

Class I MHC Proteins

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46
Q

What is meant by a clone of cells?

A

A population of cells sensitive to a specific antigen

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47
Q

Which type of interferon is produced by a virus-infected cell, stimulates natural killer cells, and enhances resistance to viral infection?

A

Alpha interferons

48
Q

What type of T cell is responsible for seeking out and destroying abnormal or infected cells?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

49
Q

CD4 T cells respond to what kind of foreign antigen?

A

Class II MHC Proteins.

50
Q

How can the presence of an abnormal peptide in the cytoplasm of a cell initiate an immune response?

A

It will be displayed on that cell’s plasma membrane.

51
Q

Antigen presentation by Class I MHC proteins is triggered by _____and _____infection of a body cell

A

Viral or bacterial

52
Q

Abnormal peptides in the cytoplasm of a cell can become attached to_____ ____ ____proteins and then displayed on the cell’s plasma membrane. The recognition of such displayed peptides can initiate an immune response.

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

initiate an immune response.

53
Q

Steps

A
  1. Antigen présentation by Class I MHC Proteins is triggered by viral and bacterial infection of a body cell
  2. The infection results in the appearance of abnormal peptides in the cytoplasm
  3. The abnormal peptides are incorporated into Class I MHC proteins as they are synthesized at the ER
  4. After export to the Golgi, the MHC PROTEINS reach the plasma membrane within transport vesicles
  5. The abnormal peptides are displayed by CLASS I MHC proteins on the plasma membrane.
54
Q

What is the cytokine that slows the growth of a tumor and kills sensitive tumor cells?

A

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

55
Q

In passive immunity, __________ are introduced into the body by injection.

A

Antibodies

56
Q

When a person is bitten by a rabid dog, by what means do medical personnel attempt to prevent infection by the rabies virus?

A

Artificially Acquired Passive immunity

57
Q

Which type of immunity develops as a result of natural exposure to an antigen in the environment?

A

Naturally acquired active immunity

58
Q

Which class of antibody is involved in triggering inflammation?

A

IgE

59
Q

What class of antibodies is responsible for anaphylaxis?

A

IgE

60
Q

Which of the following are effect of advancing age on the immune system?

A

The number of helper T cells declines.
Immune surveillance declines.
There is a decline in circulating thymic hormones.

61
Q

Which innate defense involves cells that engulf pathogens and cell debris?

A

Phagocytes

62
Q

B lymphocytes differentiate into

A

Memory cells

Plasma Cells

63
Q

What class of antibody is found on the plasma membrane of B cells to help in sensitization?

A

IgD

64
Q

Cells of the immune system influence the CNS and endocrine activity by all of the following interactions except

A

Stimulating cell and tissue metabolism
Increasing circulating thyroid hormone levels during immune responses
Secreting endorphins and thymic hormones
increase secretion of prolactin and growth hormones

65
Q

Activated B cells produce plasma cells that are specialized to

A

Synthesize and secrete antibodies.

66
Q

A cross reaction following transfusion with an incompatible blood type is an example of

A

CYTOTOXIC REACTION

67
Q

Which antibody is the first class of antibody to be secreted in response to an antigen?

A

IgM

68
Q

The light and heavy chains are portions of the______ ______

A hapten is a partial antigen that can increase binding.

A

antibody molecule.

hapten

69
Q

The light and heavy chains are portions of the______ ______

A ______ is a partial antigen that can increase binding.

A

antibody molecule.

hapten

70
Q

How is a sensitized B cell activated?

A

Contact with a T helper cell

71
Q

How is a sensitized B cell activated?

A

Contact with a T helper cell

A sensitized B cell comes in contact with a helper T cell that has already been activated by antigen presentation by the same antigen that caused B cell sensitization.
The helper T cell binds to the B cell’s MHC complex, recognizes the antigen, and begins secreting cytokines, which promote B cell activation.
After activation of the B cell, these same cytokines stimulate B cell division, speed up plasma cell formation, and enhance antibody production.

72
Q

Enhanced phagocytosis by a coating of antibodies and complement on the antigen is called __________.

A

OPSONIZATION

73
Q

Which type of lymphocyte produces antibodies?

A

PLASMA CELLS

74
Q

For the stimulation of _______Response, ____cells activated by ________ cells, differentiate into ______cells and ______cells. The first cells survive years after initial contact with antigen , the latter cells do what?

A

Adaptive response ; B cells; Plasma and memory;

THEY PRODUCE ANTIBODIES TO THE ANTIGEN

75
Q

Lymphocytes that assist in the regulation and coordination of the immune response are __________.

A

Helper T cells

Regulatory T cells

76
Q

Which lymphatic vessel collects lymph from the lower half of the body and the left upper half of the body and returns it to venous circulation?

A

Thoracic duct

77
Q

The collection of lymphoid tissue that protects the epithelia of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems is called

A

Mucous Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)

78
Q

The blood thymus barrier separates developing T cells in the cortex of the thymus from immune cells in the general circulation.

A

developing T cells in the cortex of the thymus from immune cells in the general circulation.

79
Q

Which of the following lymphatic structures do NOT display the outer cortex/inner medulla pattern?

A

Tonsils and spleen

80
Q

Main classes of lymphocytes

A

B cells
T cells
NK cells

81
Q

______, _____ and _____ are secondary lymphoid tissues/organs, where lymphocytes are activated.

A

The tonsils, lymph nodes, and spleen

82
Q

The largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body is contained within the __________.

A

ADULT SPLEEN

83
Q

The first line of cellular defense against pathogenic invasion is

A

PHAGOCYTES

84
Q

Which body systems are part of the immune system?

A

Digestive
Lymphatic
Integumentary

85
Q

Large lymphoid nodules found on the walls of the pharynx are the __________.

A

TONSILS

86
Q

Primary Lymphoid ORGAN

A

Red bone marrow

Thymus gland

87
Q

Tissue fluid enters the lymphatic system via the ____

A

Lymph Capillaries

88
Q

The hormone that is important to the development and maintenance of T cells for normal immunological defense is

A

Thymoxine

89
Q

Lymph from the right side of the body superior to the diaphragm drains into the _

A

R lymphatic duct

90
Q

Each lymph node has many ____________ but only one ______________.

A

Afferent; Efferent

91
Q

Antigen presenting cells located in the epithelial are called (present antigen to T cells)

A

DENDRITIC CELLS

92
Q

Examples of MALT in the digestive system include _____________that is attached where the small intestine joins the large intestine.

A

Peyer’s patches in the small intestine and the vermiform appendix

93
Q

During the primary response, which antibody peaks sooner? During the secondary response, which antibody level is higher? _____

A

IgM; IgG

94
Q

Class II MHC molecules are found on which of the following?

A

Lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells

95
Q

When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a ________ cell.

A

helper T

96
Q

CD8 markers are to ________ T cells as CD4 markers are to ________ T cells.

A

cytoxic; helper

97
Q

An abnormal cell would be identified by the immune system because it showed

A

Class I with an ANTIGEN BOUND

98
Q

Class II MHC proteins are present in the plasma membrane only when

A

an antigen-presenting cell has engulfed and is processing an antigen.

99
Q

The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ________ cells.

A

Cytotoxic T

100
Q

Innate immmunity

A

1st line and 2nd line

101
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

3rd line

102
Q

Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are

A

IgE

103
Q

Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and that may activate antibody production are

A

IgD

104
Q

MALT

Examples

A

acronym for mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue. It consists of aggregated lymphatic nodules deep to the mucosa (gut lining) of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems. Examples of MALT in the digestive system include Peyer’s patches in the small intestine and the vermiform appendix that is attached where the small intestine joins the large intestine

105
Q

Peyer’s patches found where

A

SMALL INTESTINES

106
Q

Which type of interferon attracts and stimulates NK cells as a way to enhance viral resistance to viral infection?a

A

interferon alpha

107
Q

A sensitized B cell typically is not activated until

A

it binds a helper T cell that releases cytokines.

108
Q

The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called

A

OPSONIZATION

109
Q

A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably

A

Tears

110
Q

B cells are primarily activated by the activities of

A

T Helper cells

111
Q

That are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection, are

A

IgM

112
Q

Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and that may activate antibody production are

A

IgD

113
Q

Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are

A

IgG

114
Q

Hormones that slow growth tumor

A

Tumor necrosis factor

115
Q

In order for a lymphocyte to respond to an antigen, the antigen must

A

bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte surface.

116
Q

Plasma proteins contain more than ____for the complement system

A

E) more than 30

SRNAanatomy (25 decks)

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