Immunity SUPP Flashcards
In the complement cascade, once ______ is activated and attached to the cell membrane, other complement proteins can form a(n) _________
C3b, Membrane-attack Complex
Which of the following is a localized tissue response to injury that is characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain?
Inflammation
Chemical mediators of inflammation include which of the following?
Histamin
Heparin
Prostaglandins
Complement proteins
Small proteins released from tissue cells infected with viruses, as well as from activated lymphocytes and macrophages, are called
Interferons
Perforins are proteins released from NK cells to ___________
perforate the cell membrane of abnormal cells.
________ proteins are plasma proteins that bind and destroy bacteria.
Complement
Action of activated Killer cells
Recognition and adhesion
Realignment of the golgi apparatus
Section of Perforins
Lysis of abnormal cells
Antibodies may promote inflammation through the stimulation of
Mast cells
The enhancement of phagocytosis is called
Opsonization
Neutrophils, once activated, do release______ and ________ as part of their respiratory burst. Neutrophils also release ________ to draw more neutrophils to the site of the infection.
Hydrogen Peroxide and Nitrous Oxide ;
cytokines
Histamine is secreted by
Mast cells
Destroy the intergrity of the target cells
Membrane attack complex (MAC)
The activation of complement can occur by 3 different routes:
Classical pathway
Lectin pathway
Alternative pathway.
What slows the spread of viral infections- RESISTANCE TO VIRAL INFECTION
Interferons
Which interferons produced by infected cells with viruses
Interferons alpha
Which interferons secreted by fibroblasts and Slows INFLAMMATION in damaged area
Interferon Beta
Which interferons secreted by T cells and NK cells and STIMULATED MACROPHAGES
Interferon Gamma
Those cells are involved in immunological surveillance.
Natural Killer cells
Mast cells participate in tissue defense by stimulation and coordination of ________ by releasing ______ and ______
inflammation; Histamine and heparin
Mast cells are located near many blood vessels throughout the body. These cells store _________ in _______ _______, which are released in response to mechanical stress or local chemical changes.
histamine in cytoplasmic granules; released in response to mechanical stress or local chemical changes.
Histamine does what
increases vessel permeability in capillaries and speeds up blood flow throughout the injured site. This increased blood flow results in most of the changes seen in acute inflammation, including heat, pain, redness, and swelling
Phagocytes are attracted or repelled by chemicals through a phenomenon called _________.
Chemotaxis
Microphages are phagocytes that circulate in the blood. These include ______________ .
Neutrophils and Eosinophils
The greatest Benefits that the FEVER PROVIDE is
Increase your cell Metabolism
Neutrophils DO NOT SECRETE
Histamine
The release of __________ is not an effect of complement activation. Complement proteins are a group of over 30 circulating proteins which function as__________. They stimulate
The release of pyrogens to cause a fever
part of the INNATE, NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNE SYSTEM
Inflammation during tissue injury.
All 3 complement pathway activation included that splitting of
splitting of inactive C3 protein to activated C3b and C3a proteins
NK cells, which contain the proteins ______ and ________, provide a type of immunity called
perforin and protectin IMMUNOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE
Mast cells do not
release antibodies
What property of adaptive immunity allows a person to have the chicken pox when he or she is six years old and still be immune to chicken pox at age 45?
Memory
The primary response of CD8 T cell differentiation in cell-mediated immunity is the production of __________ cells.
CYTOTOXIC
The T cells that limit the degree of immune system activation from a single stimulus are __________.
Regulatory T cells
When an antigen appears, the ______ immune system response begins with __________.
ADAPTIVE; the activation of specific T cells and B cells
What is the hallmark of the adaptive immune system?
The interaction of a specific antigen and a specific antibody is
In the adaptive immune system, the T cells___________while B cells transform into _____Cells, which
The T cells mediate a direct attack on the pathogen.
B cells transform into plasma cells, which produce antibodies that bind the antigen and mark it for destruction by the rest of the immune system.
In humans, innate immunity includes circulating proteins such as _______, _______ and _______. Many of these destroy pathogens by cell lysis, phagocytosis, and inducing apoptosis.
omplement, macrophages, and NK cells.
In humans, innate immunity includes circulating proteins such as _______, _______ and _______. Many of these destroy pathogens by cell lysis, phagocytosis, and inducing apoptosis.
complement, macrophages, and NK cells.
______,______, ______ immunity, are forms of adaptive immunity.
Passive, acquired, and active immunity
The primary response :
takes several weeks to be fully implemented, which may allow pathogens time to replicate.
In contrast, the secondary immune response takes_____________ to produce a massive antibody response
less than a week
What type of leukocyte functions as an antigen-presenting cell?
MACROPHAGES
What are the two major ways that the body carries out the immune response against a specific antigen?
Direct attack by T-cells
Attack by circulating antibodies.
An adaptive defense mechanism is always activated by
Antigen
The intentional introduction of antigenic materials into the body is called __________.
artificially acquired active immunity
When any of your body cells becomes infected with a pathogen, to what protein do the foreign peptides become attached that initiates the immune response?
Class I MHC Proteins
What is meant by a clone of cells?
A population of cells sensitive to a specific antigen
Which type of interferon is produced by a virus-infected cell, stimulates natural killer cells, and enhances resistance to viral infection?
Alpha interferons
What type of T cell is responsible for seeking out and destroying abnormal or infected cells?
Cytotoxic T cells
CD4 T cells respond to what kind of foreign antigen?
Class II MHC Proteins.
How can the presence of an abnormal peptide in the cytoplasm of a cell initiate an immune response?
It will be displayed on that cell’s plasma membrane.
Antigen presentation by Class I MHC proteins is triggered by _____and _____infection of a body cell
Viral or bacterial
Abnormal peptides in the cytoplasm of a cell can become attached to_____ ____ ____proteins and then displayed on the cell’s plasma membrane. The recognition of such displayed peptides can initiate an immune response.
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
initiate an immune response.
Steps
- Antigen présentation by Class I MHC Proteins is triggered by viral and bacterial infection of a body cell
- The infection results in the appearance of abnormal peptides in the cytoplasm
- The abnormal peptides are incorporated into Class I MHC proteins as they are synthesized at the ER
- After export to the Golgi, the MHC PROTEINS reach the plasma membrane within transport vesicles
- The abnormal peptides are displayed by CLASS I MHC proteins on the plasma membrane.
What is the cytokine that slows the growth of a tumor and kills sensitive tumor cells?
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
In passive immunity, __________ are introduced into the body by injection.
Antibodies
When a person is bitten by a rabid dog, by what means do medical personnel attempt to prevent infection by the rabies virus?
Artificially Acquired Passive immunity
Which type of immunity develops as a result of natural exposure to an antigen in the environment?
Naturally acquired active immunity
Which class of antibody is involved in triggering inflammation?
IgE
What class of antibodies is responsible for anaphylaxis?
IgE
Which of the following are effect of advancing age on the immune system?
The number of helper T cells declines.
Immune surveillance declines.
There is a decline in circulating thymic hormones.
Which innate defense involves cells that engulf pathogens and cell debris?
Phagocytes
B lymphocytes differentiate into
Memory cells
Plasma Cells
What class of antibody is found on the plasma membrane of B cells to help in sensitization?
IgD
Cells of the immune system influence the CNS and endocrine activity by all of the following interactions except
Stimulating cell and tissue metabolism
Increasing circulating thyroid hormone levels during immune responses
Secreting endorphins and thymic hormones
increase secretion of prolactin and growth hormones
Activated B cells produce plasma cells that are specialized to
Synthesize and secrete antibodies.
A cross reaction following transfusion with an incompatible blood type is an example of
CYTOTOXIC REACTION
Which antibody is the first class of antibody to be secreted in response to an antigen?
IgM
The light and heavy chains are portions of the______ ______
A hapten is a partial antigen that can increase binding.
antibody molecule.
hapten
The light and heavy chains are portions of the______ ______
A ______ is a partial antigen that can increase binding.
antibody molecule.
hapten
How is a sensitized B cell activated?
Contact with a T helper cell
How is a sensitized B cell activated?
Contact with a T helper cell
A sensitized B cell comes in contact with a helper T cell that has already been activated by antigen presentation by the same antigen that caused B cell sensitization.
The helper T cell binds to the B cell’s MHC complex, recognizes the antigen, and begins secreting cytokines, which promote B cell activation.
After activation of the B cell, these same cytokines stimulate B cell division, speed up plasma cell formation, and enhance antibody production.
Enhanced phagocytosis by a coating of antibodies and complement on the antigen is called __________.
OPSONIZATION
Which type of lymphocyte produces antibodies?
PLASMA CELLS
For the stimulation of _______Response, ____cells activated by ________ cells, differentiate into ______cells and ______cells. The first cells survive years after initial contact with antigen , the latter cells do what?
Adaptive response ; B cells; Plasma and memory;
THEY PRODUCE ANTIBODIES TO THE ANTIGEN
Lymphocytes that assist in the regulation and coordination of the immune response are __________.
Helper T cells
Regulatory T cells
Which lymphatic vessel collects lymph from the lower half of the body and the left upper half of the body and returns it to venous circulation?
Thoracic duct
The collection of lymphoid tissue that protects the epithelia of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems is called
Mucous Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)
The blood thymus barrier separates developing T cells in the cortex of the thymus from immune cells in the general circulation.
developing T cells in the cortex of the thymus from immune cells in the general circulation.
Which of the following lymphatic structures do NOT display the outer cortex/inner medulla pattern?
Tonsils and spleen
Main classes of lymphocytes
B cells
T cells
NK cells
______, _____ and _____ are secondary lymphoid tissues/organs, where lymphocytes are activated.
The tonsils, lymph nodes, and spleen
The largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body is contained within the __________.
ADULT SPLEEN
The first line of cellular defense against pathogenic invasion is
PHAGOCYTES
Which body systems are part of the immune system?
Digestive
Lymphatic
Integumentary
Large lymphoid nodules found on the walls of the pharynx are the __________.
TONSILS
Primary Lymphoid ORGAN
Red bone marrow
Thymus gland
Tissue fluid enters the lymphatic system via the ____
Lymph Capillaries
The hormone that is important to the development and maintenance of T cells for normal immunological defense is
Thymoxine
Lymph from the right side of the body superior to the diaphragm drains into the _
R lymphatic duct
Each lymph node has many ____________ but only one ______________.
Afferent; Efferent
Antigen presenting cells located in the epithelial are called (present antigen to T cells)
DENDRITIC CELLS
Examples of MALT in the digestive system include _____________that is attached where the small intestine joins the large intestine.
Peyer’s patches in the small intestine and the vermiform appendix
During the primary response, which antibody peaks sooner? During the secondary response, which antibody level is higher? _____
IgM; IgG
Class II MHC molecules are found on which of the following?
Lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells
When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a ________ cell.
helper T
CD8 markers are to ________ T cells as CD4 markers are to ________ T cells.
cytoxic; helper
An abnormal cell would be identified by the immune system because it showed
Class I with an ANTIGEN BOUND
Class II MHC proteins are present in the plasma membrane only when
an antigen-presenting cell has engulfed and is processing an antigen.
The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ________ cells.
Cytotoxic T
Innate immmunity
1st line and 2nd line
Adaptive Immunity
3rd line
Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are
IgE
Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and that may activate antibody production are
IgD
MALT
Examples
acronym for mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue. It consists of aggregated lymphatic nodules deep to the mucosa (gut lining) of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems. Examples of MALT in the digestive system include Peyer’s patches in the small intestine and the vermiform appendix that is attached where the small intestine joins the large intestine
Peyer’s patches found where
SMALL INTESTINES
Which type of interferon attracts and stimulates NK cells as a way to enhance viral resistance to viral infection?a
interferon alpha
A sensitized B cell typically is not activated until
it binds a helper T cell that releases cytokines.
The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called
OPSONIZATION
A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably
Tears
B cells are primarily activated by the activities of
T Helper cells
That are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection, are
IgM
Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and that may activate antibody production are
IgD
Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are
IgG
Hormones that slow growth tumor
Tumor necrosis factor
In order for a lymphocyte to respond to an antigen, the antigen must
bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte surface.
Plasma proteins contain more than ____for the complement system
E) more than 30
