NEURO Part III Flashcards
Diencephalon made up of (2)
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Midbrain
Superior colliculus
Inferior colliculus
Medula oblongata
Resp control center: Regulates breathing
CV control center
Reflex center: coughing, swallowing, vomiting, and seizing
Pons relay signal between _______ and ________, and is in charge also ___________ ______Centers
Relay Signals between MEDULLA and CEREBRAL CORTEX
RESPIRATORY CONTROL CENTERS
Midbrain has different parts
Substantia nigra produce dopamine
Low levels= PArkinson
High Levels= wooden chest Syndrome ( in rapid anesthesia induction with fentanyl.
Cerebral peduncles (not important)
fibers that connect upper and lower
Adverse effect: Wooden Chest syndrom
rare side effect during anesthesia with IV fentanyl and other synthetic opioids
Causes of wooden chest
Increase dopamine
Decrease GABA
Etiology
Increased muscle tone resulting in chest wall
Regulate body temperature
Hypothalamus
Mamillary bodies
Relay stations for smell and taste reflexes
Optic chasm
pineal glands is the biological clock
Cerebellum
Balance and posture
Cerebrum how many lobes, name them
many lobes
Precentral gyrus is responsible for _____function
Motor function
Broca’s area
Production of speech
wernickes
recognizes spoke words and translate words
wernickes Area
recognizes spoke words and translate words
Left hemisphere
Receives control from the Right side of the body
Right hemisphere
Receives control from the left side of the body
Involve with emotion
Limbic system
Recognizes angry or fearful facial expressions, assesses danger, and elicits the fear
response (amygdala)
Limbic System
CSF is secreted by
Chlorid Plexus
CSF low through intraventricular foramen into 3rd ventricle
Foramen of Monroe
CSF flow down cerebral aqueduct to fourth ventricle
Aqueduct of Slyvius
For cauda equina
Terminates at L2, go below for lumbar punctures
Cervical plexus
C1-C5
Brachial plexus
C5-T1
Lumbar plexus
L1 to L4
Sacral
L4-S4
The primary motor cortex is the surface of the
Precentral GYRUS
The surface of the postcentral gyrus contains the ________ cortex.
PRIMARY SENSORY cortex
The central sulcus divides which two lobes?
frontal lobe and parietal lobe
The cerebral lobe posterior to the central sulcus is the
parietal lobe.
Somatosensory
Impulses from touch, proprioception (joints),
pain, & temperature
Impulses from touch, proprioception (joints),
pain, & temperature
Somatosensory
Initiates impulses to skeletal muscles
Primary Motor area
In order to take notes the primary motor cortex must receive input from the ________ first.
PREMOTOR CORTEX
Damage to the premotor cortex of the frontal lobe would interfere with the ability to
Play piano
The complex integration of sensory information with visual and auditory memories occurs in this area near the auditory cortex?
Wernicke’s area
Kevin can think of the word he wants to say but cannot make his mouth form the correct sounds to produce the word. He is most likely suffering from damage to
Broca’s area
______recognizes spoken words/translates words
Wernicke’s area
Broca’s Speech area:
initiates impulses that result in speech
left hemisphere
Received somatic sensory information from and control muscles from the RIGHT side of the body
Left Hemisphere
Received somatic sensory information from and control muscles from the LEFT side of the body
RIGHT Hemisphere
The mesencephalon contains the headquarters of the ________, a specialized component of the reticular formation that controls alertness and attention.
RETICULAR SYSTEM
Controls alertness and attention
RETICULAR SYSTEM.
Recognizes angry or fearful facial expressions, assesses danger, and elicits the fear response (amygdala)
Limbic system
Provides emotional impact that helps establish memories.
Limbic system
The system that functions in tying together emotions, motivation and memory is the:
Limbic system
To return CSF to circulation, arachnoid granulations extend into the
superior sagittal sinus.
CSF is a clear, colorless fluid similar to plasma & interstitial fluid.
Circulates between __________
Contains _____,_______, ___, ____,ph___
Prevents the brain from tugging on the meninges, nerve roots, and blood vessels.
-is produced by the _________(composed of modified ependymal cells and fenestrated capillaries) in the ventricles.
Is reabsorbed through the _________
Exerts pressure within the _____ and _____
- 125 to 150 ml in the ventricles
- glucose, protein, albumin, electrolytes, pH 7.3
- choroid plexuses
- arachnoid villi
- brain and spinal cord
Within each hemisphere, deep to the floor of the lateral ventricle, you will find the
Basal nuclei
The lateral ventricles are found
In the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
Specialized ________ form the secretory component of the choroid plexus.
EPENDYMAL cells
The ventricle associated with the pons and upper medulla is the
Fourth
How rapidly is the CSF volume replaced?
8 hours
CSF is absorbed into the venous circulation via ___________
arachnoid granulations.
Puncture below spinous process of L4 for
Lumbar injection for EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA
Puncture ABOVE Spinous process of L4 for
Lumbar spinal puncture for CSF draw and spinal anesthesia
In each ventricle is a blood vessel network called the ________ that produces cerebrospinal fluid.
CHOROID PLEXUS
Innervates skin over Upper chest & shoulders
Supraclavicular nerves
*****Innervates diaphram
*****PHRENIC nerve
Nerves in the Lumbar plexus (L-FIGOS)
Illiohypogastric Genitofemoral Obturator Femoral Saphenous nerves
A total loss of sensation requires anesthesia of
3 successive spinal nerves
Each spinal nerve receives sensory input from a specific area of skin called a
dermatome. Overlap at edges by____
dermatome; 50%.
Spinal nerves are mixed nerves Autonomic motor neuron they have both ______
Sensory & Motor neurons
The descending spinal tract that crosses to the opposite side of the body within the medulla oblongata is the ________ tract.
lateral corticospinal
Descending (motor) pathways always involve at least ________ motor neuron(s).
2
Descending tracts in the spinal cord relay ________ information.
MOTOR
Identify the descending (motor) tracts in the spinal cord
Lateral corticospinal
anterior corticospinal
rubrospinal, medial and lateral reticulospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal
Anterior spinothalamic tract is involved with which kind of touch?
Vague touch
Tract responsible for VAGUE TOUCH
Anterior spinothalamic tract
Tract responsible for pain and temperature
Lateral spinothalamic tract
Fine touch, two-point discrimination &
proprioception
POSTERIOR dorsal column
precise, voluntary movements from cerebral cortex, down spinal cord, to muscles
LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL
The spinal tract that relays information concerning crude touch and pressure to the CNS is the
Anterior spinothalamic Tract
The neurons of the primary motor cortex are ________ cells.
PYRAMIDAL
The pyramidal system provides
voluntary control over skeletal muscles.
The corticospinal system is often referred to as the
Pyramidal system
Damage to the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex would directly affect
Voluntary motor activity
What are the 2 PYRAMIDAL TRACTS
Anterior Corticospinal Tract
Lateral Corticospinal tract
The rubrospinal tracts originate in the
red nuclei
The spinal tract that normally plays a role in the subconscious regulation of the muscles of the arms is the ________ tract.
RUBROSPINAL
The ________ tract provides subconscious regulation of upper limb muscle tone and movement and is part of the ________ pathway
RUBROSPINAL ; LATERAL
Ascending tract in the spinal cord
A) gracile fasciculus.
B) cuneate fasciculus.
C) posterior spinocerebellar.
D) anterior spinothalamic.
The spinal tract that unconsciously maintains balance and muscle tone is the ________ tract.
VESTIBULOSPINAL
EXTRAPYRAMIDAL TRACTS (VORR)
Rubrospinal
Recticulospinal
Olivospinal
Vetibulospinal
Arrange the spinal meninges from innermost layer to outermost layer
PAD (Pia–> Arachnoid-> Dura)
The adult spinal cord typically ends between vertebrae
L1-L2
Enzyme that removes acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft of neuromuscular junctions. Anticholinestrases . Medications inhibiting the enzymes
Anticholinestrases ; (Neostigmine, Edrophonium, Pyridostigmine)
_________Inhibit insulin secretion on _____ recepots
Sympathetic; alpha 2
Lypolysis break down of triglycerides
beta 3
Sympathetic causes _____of pupils on ______
dilation; alpha 1
Sympathetic causes _____of Airways on ______ (receptors)
Dilation: Beta 2
This sympathetic receptor agonist will inhibit contraction in pregnant women
Beta 2
Sympathetic on arterioles __dilation on ____, vasoconstriction on
vasodilation on B2
alpha 1, 2
Sympathetic on decrease GI motility and tone through ; CONTRACTION of sphinters on
beta 2; alpha 1
The sympathetic will stimulate the _________ cells of the kidneys to secrete _____ On _____ receptor
Juxtaglomerula cells; RENIN; BETA 1
Mediates lipolysis and thermogenesis; is
up-regulated in cardiovascular disease.
Beta 3
__-adrenergic activity: Is associated with relaxation or inhibition.
α2
CN VII paralysis
Bell’s palsy
Droopy eyelids and double vision can result from injury to the ________ nerve.
OCULOMOTOR
Nerve responsible for pupillary constriction
OCULOMOTOR
The cranial nerve that has three major branches is the ______ the three branches are:
V- Trigeminal
Ophtalmic
Maxillary
Mandibular
Control –>Lateral recus muscle of EYE BALL
VI- Adbucens
A reflex that is used to assess the sensory function of the trigeminal nerve is the ________ reflex.
A) corneal
Distribution posterior ___of the tongue for GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL nerve; has ______Receptors. action :
1/3 ; CAROTID
Secretion of saliva, Chemo/baroreceptors signals
VAgus nerve is
X
Movement of head and shoulders
XI- Accessory muscles
Change in vocal tone, problems swallowing, inability to control urination, erratic heart rate, and gastric problems. You would identify the problem as being related to the
Vagus nerve
A patient suffers an inability to shrug their shoulders. The nerve most likely to be damaged is the
Accessory
Parts of the sacral plexus
Superior gluteal nerve
Inferior gluteal nerve
Sciatic nerve (common fibular nerve and tibial nerve)
Parts of the CERVICAL PLEXUS: C-SP
Supraclavicular nerve
Phrenic nerve
Parts of the Brachial PLEXUS (AMRUM)
Axillary nerve Musculocuteneous nerve Median Nerve Radial nerve Ulnar nerve
CSF flows within the ________
Subarachnoid space
Samples of CSF for diagnostic purposes are normally obtained by placing the tip of a needle in the
SUBARACHNOID SPACE
Conus medullaris is found at _____in adults
L1
Bundles of axons in the CNS are called
Tracts
Axons cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other through the
Anterior white commissure
The gray horns contain mainly
Neurons cell bodies
Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in the
Gray commissures
Sensory information from visceral organs is carried by the
Sympathetic
Nerve plexuses are formed by interconnecting branches of the
Anterior rami
The largest peripheral nerve is the ________ nerve.
motor ___
sensation ____
Sciatic
white?
Gray?
The anterior rami of spinal nerves C5 to T1 contribute fibers to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ plexus. A) cervical B) Brachial C) lumbar D) sacral E) thoracic
B) brachial
a virus infects _______ ________ ___, causing a painful rash whose distribution corresponds to that of the affected sensory nerves as seen in their dermatomes. condition is ______ . the virus is
posterior root ganglia; Varicella zoster
The complex, interwoven network of nerves is called ______a complex, interwoven network formed by contributions from the anterior rami of neighboring spinal nerves is termed a(n) ____
Plexus
Each of the following nerves originates in the lumbar plexus except the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ nerve. A) saphenous B) sciatic C) femoral D) obturator E) genitofemoral
Sciatic
The ________ nerve, which arises in the cervical plexus, innervates the diaphragm.
PHRENIC
The specific strip of skin that is innervated by a specific spinal nerve is called a
Dermatome
The neural “wiring” of a single reflex is called a(n)
A) reflex arc.
The reflex that prevents a muscle from exerting too much tension is the ________ reflex.
TENDON
Spinal interneurons inhibit antagonist motor neurons in a process called
RECIPROCAL INHIBITION
Place the following events of a reflex arc in the correct order: 1) motor neuron activation, 2) sensory neuron activation, 3) sensory receptor activation, 4) Information processing, 5) effector response.
B) 3, 2, 4, 1, 5
The axillary, radial, and ulnar nerves branch from which plexus?
Brachial
A reflex arc is the wiring pattern of neurons that underlie a particular reflex. A reflex arc consists of three elements at the minimum: (1) a sensory receptor and neuron to carry afferent information to the CNS; (2) an excitatory synapse on a motor neuron; (3) the motor neuron to generate an action potential and conduct the impulse to an effector such as a skeletal muscle motor unit.
True
Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the
lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.
The integrative centers for autonomic activity are located in the
HYPOTHALAMUS
Which of the following is an inherited disease characterized by destruction of ACh-secreting and GABA-secreting neurons in the basal nuclei causing difficulty controlling movements?
Huntington’s
Carries sensation of fine touch and vibration
Dorsal column
The spinal tract that relays information concerning crude touch and pressure to the CNS is the
Anterior spino-thalamic tract
The afferent neuron that carries the sensation and enters the CNS is a ________ neuron.
Delivers sensations to the CNS _____
First order
First order
Thalamic neurons that project to the primary sensory cortex are ________ neurons.
Third
The descending spinal tract that crosses to the opposite side of the body within the medulla oblongata is the ________ tract.
A) lateral corticospinal
Upper motor neurons of the corticospinal tract synapse with neurons in
Lateral gray horn of the spinal cord
Motor neurons whose cell bodies are within the spinal cord are called ________ neurons.
LOWER
