Renal and Urological systems

Question 1

Reabsorption of large amounts of sodium, water, glucose, amino acids; net reabsorption of bicarbonate; secretion of H1, organic acids, and many medications.

Answer 1

Proximal tubule

Question 2

Reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and potassium but not much water

Answer 2

Thick ascending limb of loop of Henle

Question 3

Ultrafiltration

Answer 3

Glomerulus

Question 4

Reabsorption of water

Answer 4

Descending limb of loop of Henle E.

Question 5

Secretion of potassium, ammonia, and H1; site of action of aldosterone and ADH

Answer 5

Distal tubule and collecting duct

Question 6

A process that regulates sodium and water balance by reabsorption of a constant fraction of the sodium load filtered at the glomerulus.

Answer 6

Glomerulotubular Balance

Question 7

A process that regulates renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate to keep them constant by altering the amount of vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles in response to changes in their circumference.

Answer 7

Myogenic Mechanism

Question 8

A process that regulates glomerular filtration rate to keep it constant by altering the amount of vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles in response to changes in the concentration of filtered sodium.

Answer 8

Tubuloglomerular feedback

Question 9

Blood entering the peritubular capillaries has _____ hydrostatic pressure and _______ oncotic pressure which facilitates ________of fluid from the proximal convoluted tubules

Answer 9

LOW; HIGH; REABSORPTION

Question 10

The amount of plasma filtered per unit of time

Answer 10

GFR

Question 11

Sequence of fluid flow from glomerulus to urine in bladder(GFB-PLD-CRUB)

Answer 11

Glomerular capillaries
Filtration splits
Bowman's Space
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Collecting Duct
Renal Pelvis
Ureter 
Bladder

Question 12

Parts of the Renal Cortex

Answer 12

Glomeruli
Most of Prox tubules
Glomerular capillaries
Renal Corpuscles
Interlobular arteries
Afferent arteries

Question 13

Parts of the Medulla

Answer 13

Collecting ducts
Most of distal tubules
Pyramids
Most of Vasa Recta

Question 14

Importance of microvilli on the luminal surface of the cell

Answer 14

Increase the surface area for absorption.

Question 15

Glomerular capillary blood flow is regulated in part by the contractile ___________ cells by vasoactive substances secreted by the endothelium

Answer 15

MESANGIAL Cells

Question 16

The filtration fraction is the ratio of GFR to

Answer 16

Renal Plasma flow

Question 17

The only renal tubular cells that have MICROVILLI

Answer 17

Proximal Convoluted tubule

Question 18

The BUN level _______ when the GFR decreases

Answer 18

Increases

Question 19

BUN and GFR has _________ relationship

Answer 19

inverse proportional

Question 20

Micturition Reflex : As the bladder fill with urine, it begins to stretch then _________in the bladder wall send neural sensory messages of stretch to the spinal cord? what happens next?

Answer 20

-Mechanoreceptors
-In spinal cord, sensory neurons activate parasympathetic motor pathways that cause the bladder muscle to contract.
Inhibition of the sympathetic innervation of the INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHinCTER accompanies this process.
Unless reflex inhibited voluntary, Micturation occurs.

Question 21

Renal autoregulation, in response to BP 80 or 180mmHg what happens

Answer 21

Renal afferent arterioles constrict: Prevents an increase in filtration pressure
Protects glomeruli from damage and maintain renal excretion.

Question 22

RAAS:described bloowflow through the renal artery stimulates the release of renin into the blood. What happens next?

Answer 22

1. Renin converts angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I
2. ACE converts to Angiotensin II
3. Vasoconstrictor Angiotensin II stimulates secretion of aldosterone from ADRENAL CORTEX, where it increases REABSORPTION of sodium and water and EXCRETION of potassium