Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SRNAanatomy > Chapter 3 Review Q&A > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Review Q&A Flashcards

1
Q

***Infants are more susceptible to significant losses in TBW

A

Kidney are not mature enough to deal with fluid losses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Infants are more susceptible to change in water because they have

A

High metabolic rate

Greater total body surface area in proportion to total body size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

**Obesity creates a greater risk for dehydration in people because

A

Adipose cells contain little water because Fat is WATER REPELLANT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

There is a lot/little body water in adipose tissue

A

Little

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

***Water movement between the intracellular fluid compartment and the extracellular fluid compartment is primarily function of

A

OSMOTIC forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

***In addition to OSMOSIS, what is the force involved in the movement of water between the plasma and interstitial fluid space?

A

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Water moves between the plasma and interstitial fluid through the forces of ________and _______Accross the ________ ________

A

Osmosis
Hydrostatic pressure
Capillary membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does oncotic pressure do?

A

encourage water to cross the barrier of capillaries to enter the circulatory system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

**Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure?

A

CAPILLARY HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Venous obstruction can increase the hydrostatic pressure of fluid in the ________enough to cause fluid to escape into the ________Space

A

Capillaries; interstitial spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

***At the arterial end of capillaries , fluid moves from the intravascular space into the interstitial space because the

A

Capillary HYDROSTATIC pressure is HIGHER than the capillary ONCOTIC PRESSURE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

***Low plasma albumin causes edema as a result of a reduction in which

A

PLASMA ONCOTIC pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the ONLY thing that leads to a decreased in plasma oncotic pressure?

A

Decrease ALBUMIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

***Secretion of the ADH hormone and the perception of thirst are stimulated by?

A

INCREASED IN PLASMA OSMOLALITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

***Thirst activates osmoreceptors by an increase in which in BLOOD PLASMA?

A

OSMOTIC PRESSURE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Thirst is experienced when water loss equals ____% of body weight or when ______ ______Increases

A

2%; Osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the osmo-receptors? what are they stimulated by ?

A

Neurons in the hypothalamus stimulated by INCREASED IN OSMOTIC PRESSURE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

***It is true that natriuretic peptides: { in/de BP, water and sodium retain/excrete)

A

Decreased BP and Increase sodium and water EXCRETION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 3 different natriuretic peptides and where are they produced?

A

Atria natriuretic peptide : atria of myocardium
BRAIN natriuretic peptide (BNP) produced in ventricles of myocardium
URODilatin: Produced in the kidneys.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

***When changes in total body water are accompanied by proportional change in electrolytes, what type of alteration occurs?

A

ISOTONIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

**Which enzymes is secreted by the JUXTAGLOMERULAR Cells of the kidney when circulating blood volume is reduced?

A

RENIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

RENIN is released in response to (para/symp) _________ nerve stimulation and (incre/decr) __________ perfusion to the renal vasculature.

A

Sympathetic

decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

**What mechanism cause hypernatremia?

A

HYPERSECRETION OF ALDOSTERONE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cushing syndrome can also cause hypernatremia because of the oversecretion of ________hormone which also leads to oversecretion of _________

A

ACTH; ALDOSTERONE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

For hypernatremia, during cardiac arrest, the inappropriate administration of ________Saline solution such as _____ ______may lead to ___________

A

Hypertonic
Sodium bicarbonate
Hypernatremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

***What causes the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsion, cerebral hemorrhage and coma in hypernatremia?

A

HIGH SODIUM in the blood vessels pulls water OUT OF THE BRAIN CELLS, causing BRAIN CELLS TO SHRINK.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Water follows

A

SODIUM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

***Vomiting induced metabolic alkaloiss, resulting in the loss of chloride causes

A

RETENTION of sodium bicarbonate to maintain the anion balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

When vomiting with the depletion of ECF and chloride causes ACID LOSS, renal compensation is

A

NOT effective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Loss of electrolytes such as Na+, K+, H+ and Cl- stimulate a paradoxic response by the ______. What does the kidney do?

A

kidneys ; it increases sodium and bicarbonate reabsorption with the excretion of HYDROGEN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

***The PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC process of edema is related to which mechanism

A

LYMPHATIC OBSTRUCTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

***Insulin is used to treat HYPERKALEMIA because it:

A

Transport potassium from the blood to the cell along with

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does insulin do to regulate potassium?

A

stimulate the sodium-potassium pump.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

***A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary fro the transmission of nerve impulse is the ration between

A

INTRACELLULAR and EXTRACELLULAR POTASSIUM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

*** During acidosis (ELEVATED HYDROGEN IONS), the body compensates for the increase in serum HYDROGEN IONS by shifting hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte

A

POTASSIUM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

therefore, because of the shift of electrolyte during acidosis: ACidosis and ______ often occur together

A

HYPERKALEMIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

**2 Causes of hyperkalemia include?

A

Renal Failure and Addison disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

*** In hyperkalemia, what change occurs to the cell’s resting membrane

A

HYPOPOLARIZATION (depolarization)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

**The Calcium and phosphate balance is influenced by which three substances?

A

Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

** It is true that kussmaul respiration indicate

A

a compensatory mechanism is needed to correct metabolic acidosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

**Chvostek and trousseau sing indicate which electrolyte imbalance

A

HYPOCALCEMIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

*** An excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and aluminum containing antacids can results in

A

HYPOPHOSPHOTEMIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the most common cause of hypophosphatemia

A

Intestinal malabsorption

Increased renal excretion of phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

**the most common cause HYPERMAGNESEMIA is

A

Renal Failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

***Physiologic pH is maintained at approximately 7.4 because bicarbonate (HCO3) and carbonic acid exist in a rtion of

A

20:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

***Which arterial pH will initiate the formation of ammonium (NH4) from ammonia (NH3) referred to ACADEMIA, in the tubular lumen of the kidney

A

7.25

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

***Two thirds of the body’s water is found in its

A

INTRACELLULAR FLUID Compartments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

One third of the body’s water is in

A

extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are the 2 main ECF compartments

A

Interstitial

Intravascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

***It is true that when insulin is administered

A

the liver increases its potassium levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

*** Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure results in edema because of

A

SODIUM and WATER RETENTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

INCREASED CAPILLARY HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE is a result of

A

VENOUS OBSTRUCTION

SODIUM AND WATER RETENTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

***The existence of hyperkalemia is likely to result in which changes to a patient’s ECG?

A

Peaked T-waves

54
Q

ECG changes in hyperkalemia

A

Peaked Twaves
Prolonged PR interval
Absent p-wave widened QRS

55
Q

***Which groups are at risk for sodium imbalanced (select all that apply)

A

Infant
Obese
Older adults

56
Q

**3 Dehydration can cause which result?

A

Weak pulses
Tachycardia
weight loss

57
Q

*** 2 Causes of Hypocalcemia included

A

Repeated blood administration

Pancreatitis

58
Q

What is a common cause of hypocalcemia? Why?

A

Blood transfusion ; because the citrate solution used in storing whole blood binds with calcium.

59
Q

How does pancreatitis cause HYPOCALCEMIA?

A

it causes a release of lipase into the soft tissue spaces; the free fatty acids that are formed bind calcium, causes a decrease in ionized calcium.

60
Q

**The electrolyte imbalance called hyponatremia exhibits which clinical manifestations?

A

Headache
Seizure
Confusion
Lethargy

61
Q

**The electrolyte imbalance called HYPERCALCEMIA exhibits which clinical manifestations?

A

Calcium based kidney stones
Lethargy
Bradycardia

62
Q

ECG changes with HYPERCALCEMIA

A

Shortened QT segment

Depressed widened T Waves

63
Q

****The electrolyte imbalance called HYPOKALEMIA exhibits which clinical manifestations? (PAS)

A

Paralytic Ileus
SInus Bradycardia
AV block

64
Q

**A third of the body’s fluid is contained in the extracellular interstitial fluid spaces that include (select all that apply):

A

Urine
Intraocular fluids
Lymph
Sweat

65
Q

**An imbalance of potassium can produce with dysfunction?

A

Weakness skeletal muscles
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Smooth muscle atony

66
Q

***Which statement regarding total body water are true? (select all that apply)

A

During childhood, TBW slowly decreases in relationship to body weight
Men tend to have greater TBW as a result of their muscle mass
Estrogen plays a role in female TBW
Older adults experience a decrease in TBW as a result of decreased muscle mass

67
Q

**__________Regulates osmolality in the ECF space

A

Sodium

68
Q

**________Is inversely related to HCO3 concentration

A

Chloride

69
Q

**_________is a major determinant of resting membrane potention

A

Potassium

70
Q

Chloride levels are _______related to HCO3 concentration

A

Inversely

71
Q

***_________ an intracellular metabolic form is ATP

A

Phosphate

72
Q

**Changes in Hydrogen ion concentration affects this electrolyte

A

Potassium

73
Q

THE MOST DANGEROUS EFFECT OF HYPERKALMIA is on which organ

A

HEART

74
Q

Categorize causes of edema: Tumor grows in lymph node

A

Lymphatic obstruction

75
Q

Categorize causes of edema: Right HF

A

Increased Capillary hydrostatic pressure

76
Q

Categorize causes of edema: Infected wound

A

Increased CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY

77
Q

Categorize causes of edema: CLOT In vein

A

INCREASED HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

78
Q

Categorize causes of edema: PROTEIN MALNUTRITION

A

Decreased Plasma oncotic pressure

79
Q

Categorize causes of edema: Bee sting

A

INCREASED CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY

80
Q

Categorize causes of edema: ESRD

A

INCREASED CAPILLARY HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

81
Q

The renal compensation for an acid-base balance is

A

SLOW

82
Q

The pulmonary compensation for an acid-base balance is

A

FAST

83
Q

Acid-base imbalance correction

A

returns HCO3 and carbonic acid buffers to normal levels.

84
Q

Acid-base imbalance compensaiton

A

returns HCO3 and carbonic acid buffers to the 20:1 ratio but BOTH MAY STILL BE ABNORMAL.

85
Q

A buffer is a _____ and its _____

A

weak acid; conjugate base

86
Q

When pH is 7.40 , the bicarb to carbonic acid ratio is

A

20:1

87
Q

***paCO 2 is proportional to is proportional to

A

VCO2 / VA
• where:
VCO2 is CO2 production by the body
VA is Alveolar ventilation

88
Q

Calculate AG with this formula

A

Na- (Cl+HCO3)

89
Q

Calcitonin, secreted with _____calcium and what does it do in bone?

A

HIGH; inhibits osteoclasts in bone.

90
Q

What stimulates increase secretion of ADH:

A

Increased plasma osmolality
decreased arterial blood pressure
INCREASES renal water reabsoprtion, vasoconstriction

91
Q

Angiotensin II and increased plasma potassium stimulates

A

increase renal sodium and water reabsorption

increase renal excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions.

92
Q

In adult female percentage of water is

A

50

93
Q

Not a component of ECF

A

RBCs

94
Q

In adult male percentage of water is

A

60

95
Q

Major INTRACELLULAR cation

A

Potassium

96
Q

Anions in HIGHEST concentration in the EXTRACELLULAR

A

Proteins
Bicarbonate
Chloride

97
Q

Which hormones plays a CENTRAL role in rate of SODIUM REABSORPTION and POTASSIUM SECRETION?

A

ALDOSTERONE>

98
Q

Which hormone MOST affects OSMOLARITY of BLOOD

A

ADH

99
Q

Hormones released by heart muscles in response to EXCESSIVE CHAMBER VOLUME

A

Natriuretic Peptides

100
Q

_____ECF fluid and __/3 ICF

A

1 third

2 thirds

101
Q

The release of ATRIAL NATURETIC PEPTIDES from the heart will cause the body to

A

Excrete sodium ions and decreases ECF.

102
Q

Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in ECF by: 4 mechanisms
NOT BY : INcreasing

A

1.Stimulate thirst
2.Causing release of ADH
3.trigger production and secretion of Aldosterone
4.Stimulate kidney to conserve sodium
NOT BY INCREASING PNS ACTIVITY.

103
Q

ALDOSTERONE does what?

A

promote sodium retention in the kidneys

104
Q

Principal ions in ECF are (3)

A

Sodium
Chloride
Bicarbonate

105
Q

Promotes WATER REABSORPTION at the kidneys and STIMULATES THIRST

A

ADH

106
Q

Principal ions in ICF are (3)

A

Potassium
Magnesium
Phosphate

107
Q

When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained?

A

OSMOSIS moves water from the ICF to the ECF.

108
Q

When pure water is consumed

A

OSMOLARITIES of the ICF and ECF fall.

109
Q

Exchanged between 2 main subdivisions of ECF occurs primarily at the

A

CAPILLARIES

110
Q

Typical water losses and gains each day

A

2500ml

111
Q

Calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone

A

PTH

112
Q

Chemical that minimizes changes in pH of a body by releasing or binding HYDROGEN ions

A

Buffer

113
Q

Excess hydrogen ions is eliminated from the body largely by

A

KIDNEYS

114
Q

Primary role of Carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system

A

Limit pH changes caused metabolic and fixed acids

115
Q

Hypoventilation leads to

A

respiratory acidosis

116
Q

What does the kidney do in response to RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS

A

Kidney retain more hydrogen ions.

117
Q

A person with emphysema with exhibit sings of

A

Chronic respiratory acidosis

118
Q

Poorly controlled DM- acid base balance

A

Metabolic acidosis

119
Q

Which best fits acid-base metabolic alkalosis

A

PROLONGED VOMITING

120
Q

A person consuming large amount of sodium bicarbonate to settle upset stomach is at risk for

A

METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

121
Q

Severe Kidney damage often leads to

A

Metabolic acidosis

122
Q

Which best fits acid-base RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS

A

Reduced Alveolar ventilation

123
Q

When the pH of the ECF drops, kidney will

A

secretes more hydrogen ions, and fewer bicarbonate

124
Q

Which best fits acid-base RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS

A

Cause by HYPERVENTILATION

125
Q

A drowinng victim will most likely experience

A

ACute RESPIRATORY ACIDSOSIS

126
Q

Excessive loss of bicarb such as diarrhea

A

Metabolic acidosis

127
Q

The elderly have ____water content in the body

A

less

128
Q

Potassium rise in ______ patients. As potassium rise, Hydrogen secretions rises

A

Acidosis

129
Q

In which body fluid do the phosphate and protein buffer system help regulate the ph

A

INTRACELLULAR

130
Q

What is the kidney response to alkalosis caused by the removal of H+?
What is the lung response to Metabolic acidosis ?

A

CONSERVE H+
SECRETE HCO3

-Lung increase respiratory rate.

SRNAanatomy (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions