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SRNAanatomy > Exam 4- GI > Flashcards

Exam 4- GI Flashcards

1
Q

Parietal

A

HCl, IF,

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2
Q

Chief cells

A

Pepsin

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3
Q

G cells

A

Gastrin

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4
Q

Production of intrinsic factor –

A

Essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 in ileum

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5
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system (stimulatory_

– Primarily through

A

vagus (CN X)

  • Increased motility
  • Increased secretions
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6
Q

Sympathetic nervous system is

A

inhibitory

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7
Q

________Maintain continuous flow of saliva in mouth

A

C.N. VII & IX –

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8
Q

Gastrin

A

– Secreted by stomach in response to distention

• Increases gastric secretions & motility, relaxes pyloric and ileocecal sphincters – promotes stomach emptying

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9
Q

Histamine(H2 receptor)

A

– Increased secretion of hydrochloric acid

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10
Q

Secretin

A

– Decreases gastric secretion

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11
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

Inhibits gastric emptying; stimulates contraction of gallbladder

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12
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

Vitamins A, D, E, K

Absorbed with fats

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13
Q

Water
-soluble vitamins
–

A

Vitamins B and C –

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14
Q

Neuroendocrine cells of G.I. tract
• Enterochromaffin Cells
• Use tryptophan hydroxylase-1 to________
•______% of serotonin store in body
• Stimulates secretory, peristaltic and vagal reflexes
via___________
• Important in generating__________
• Ondansetron mechanism: 5-HT 3 receptor antagonist
• (Ginger)

A 
synthesize Serotonin (5-HT) 
90%

5-HT 3 receptor
nausea/vomiting

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15
Q

Neuroendocrine cells, they release
_________stimulates parietal cells
via H2 receptors HCl production

A

Histamine

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16
Q

Small intestine

A

Duodenum -Jejunum - Ilium

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17
Q

Anorexia and vomiting

A

– Can cause serious complications

• Dehydration, acidosis, malnutrition

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18
Q

Vomiting

A

Vomiting center located in the medulla

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19
Q

Increased intracranial pressure

A

– Sudden projectile vomiting without previous

nausea

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20
Q

Hematemesis

“Coffee grounds” –

A

brown granular material indicates action of HCl on hemoglobin

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21
Q

– Frank blood –

A

acute esophageal or gastric Hemorrhage

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22
Q

Fat soluble

A

Be careful

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23
Q

Prolonged diarrhea may lead to

A

dehydration,
electrolyte imbalance, acidosis, malnutrition,
weight loss

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24
Q

Steatorrhea – “fatty diarrhea”

A

** Characteristic of malabsorption syndromes

– Frequent bulky, greasy, loose stools
– Foul odor

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25
Q

Upper GI bleeding

•

A

Esophagus, stomach, or duodenum –

26
Q

Lower GI bleeding

A

• Below the ligament of Treitz: bleeding from the

jejunum, ileum, colon, or rectum

27
Q

_______ and _______are common
complications of GI tract disorders.
Electrolytes
–

A

Dehydration and hypovolemia

Lost in vomiting and diarrhea
• Acid-base imbalances
• Diarrhea causes loss of bicarbonate.

28
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

A

• Results from loss of HCl w/ vomiting

29
Q

Metabolic acidosis

A

Severe vomiting causes a change to metabolic acidosis

due to the loss of bicarbonate of duodenal secretions.

30
Q

Types of abdominal pain

A
  • Visceral
  • Somatic
  • Referred
31
Q

VISCERAL: Burning sensation –

A

Inflammation and ulceration in upper GI tract

32
Q

VISCERAL :Dull, aching pain –

A

Typical result of stretching of liver capsule

33
Q

VISCERAL:Cramping or diffuse pain –

A

Inflammation, distention, stretching of intestines

34
Q

VISCERAL: Colicky, often severe pain –

A

Recurrent sooth muscle spasms or contraction

Response to severe inflammation or obstruction

35
Q

Somatic pain receptors directly linked to spinal

nerves –

A

May cause reflex spasm of overlying abdominal
muscles
Steady, intense, often well-localized pain
Rebound tenderness” – over area of involvement / inflammation of peritoneum

36
Q

Malnutrition:

2 types

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency = pernicious anemia

– Iron deficiency = iron deficient anemia

37
Q

Antacids

•

A

– To relieve pyrosis

38
Q

• Antiemetics

A

– To relieve vomiting

39
Q

• Laxatives or enemas

A

– Treatment of acute constipation

40
Q

Antidiarrheals

A

– Reduction of peristalsis

– Relieve cramps

41
Q

Sulfasalazine

•

A
  • Anti-inflammatory and antibacterial

– For acute episodes of inflammatory bowel disease

42
Q

• ABX

A
  • Clarithromycin Clarithromycin or azithromycin azithromycin
    – Effective against Heliobacter pylori infection
    • Usually combined with a proton pump inhibitor
43
Q

Sucralfate

A

Coating agent
– Enhance gastric mucosal barrier against irritants
such as NSAIDs

44
Q

Anticholinergic drugs

A

Reduce secretions &motility

45
Q

H2 blockers

A

Useful in gastric reflux

46
Q

• PPIs

A

Reduce gastric secretion

47
Q

Disorder: Cleft lip palate: Intubation

A

May require intubation with RAE endotracheal tube for

surgical repair

48
Q

Fistula complicates airway because

A

airway connected to esophagus

49
Q

Dilation may

A

cause airway impingement

50
Q

GERD

Anesthesia concenrs is aspration

A

Anesthesia concerns: Aspiration
• Possible related respiratory concerns with GERD:
• Laryngitis
• Recurrent pneumonia
• Asthma (50% of pt.s have endoscopic evidence of
esophagitis)

51
Q

Hemorrhage

A
  • Due to erosion of blood vessels
  • Common complication
  • May be the first sign of a peptic ulcer
52
Q

Obstruction

A

• May result later due to the formation of scar tissue

53
Q

Perforation

A
  • Ulcer erodes completely through the wall.
  • Chyme can enter the peritoneal cavity.
  • Results in chemical peritonitis
54
Q

DUMPING syndrome

Hyperosmolar chyme draws what?

A 
fluid from vascular compartment into intestine.
– Intestinal distention
– Increased intestinal motility
– Hypotension, Tachycardia, Diaphoresis,
Pallor
55
Q

Hypoglycemia __________

–

A

2-3 hours after meal
High glucose levels in chyme stimulate
increased insulin secretion → hypoglycemia

56
Q

Acute pancreatitis

A

Pancreas lacks a fibrous capsule
***** Hypovolemia and circulatory collapse may follow
– Destruction may progress into tissue surrounding the
pancreas
– Substances released by necrotic tissue lead to
widespread inflammation

57
Q

– Adult respiratory distress syndrome and acute renal

failure occur in

A

25% of patients

– GI hemorrhage & DIC may also occur

58
Q

Gastrinoma

A

• Large volumes of gastric fluid usually present at
time of anesthesia induction = ↑risk of reflux / aspiration.
• Profuse watery diarrhea = hypokalemia & metabolic
alkalosis.
• IV ranitidine (H2 blocker) useful for preventing acid
hyper-secretion intra-op

59
Q

Appendicitis – Signs and Symptoms

A

• “Boardlike” abdomen, tachycardia,

hypotension

60
Q

Intestinal obstruction

A

Mesenteric thrombosis (Dehydration in HHS)

SRNAanatomy (25 decks)

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