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SRNAanatomy > Pulmonary Part 2 > Flashcards

Pulmonary Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The normal automatic process of breathing from the __________
The ________can override these centers if voluntary control is needed

A

from the brainstem; cortex

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2
Q

Neurons in medulla oblongata and pons control ______

A

Unconscious breathing

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3
Q

The automatic rhythmic is controlled by neurons located in the ___________

A

medullary rhythmicity center

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4
Q

•Respiratory nuclei in medulla -rhythm –

2 respiratory and what are they involved in ?

A

inspiratory center (dorsal respiratory group)

  • frequent signals, you inhale deeply
  • signals of longer duration, breath is prolonged –
expiratory center (ventral respiratory group) 
•involved in forced respiration
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5
Q

*****Medullary respiratory center is in the

A

*****Medullary respiratory center is in the reticular formation of the medulla beneath the floor of the fourth ventricle

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6
Q

***Pre-BotzingerComplex (partof VentralGroup) =

A

essential for generation of the respiratory rhythm

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7
Q

***Dorsal Respiratory Group:

A

sets the basic respiratory

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8
Q

Ventral Respiratory Group = associated with forced respiration •

A

These groups of cells have intrinsic periodic firing abilities and are responsible for basic rhythm of ventilation –Even when all afferent stimuli is abolished, these cells generate repetitive action potentials that send impulses to the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles

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9
Q

The expiratory area is normally quiet during normal breathing, but will _______

A

become activated with forceful breathing

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10
Q

Pneumotaxic center in the _______pons –

A

UPPER
Inhibits inspiration –Limits the burst of action potentials in the phrenic nerve, effectively decrease the tidal volume and regulating the respiratory rate –“Fine tuning” of respiratory rhythm because a normal rhythm can exist in the absence of this center

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11
Q

•Apneustic center in the _______ pons –

A

LOWER
Impulses have an excitatory effect on the Dorsal Respiratory Group in the medulla –Promotes inspiration –Sends signals to the Dorsal Respiratory Group in the medulla to delay the “switch off” signal provided by the pneumotaxic center

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12
Q

Impulses from the _____ and ___________ do what?

A

Vagus (X); Glossopharyngeal (IX); nerves

modulate the output of inspiratory cells

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13
Q

The cycle of inspiration: –Latent period of several seconds

A

Crescendo of action potentials leading to a ramp of strengthening inspiratory muscles
–Inspiration action potentials cease and inspiratory muscle tone falls
–Expiration occurs due to elastic recoil of lung tissues and chest wall

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14
Q

From limbic system & hypothalamus –•

A

respiratory effects of pain& emotion

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15
Q

From airways and lungs
–irritant receptors in respiratory mucosa •stimulate vagal signals to medulla results in_______and_______

stretch receptors in airways:_________reflex •excessive inflation triggers_______ of ______
J-receptors are ______ ______Receptors - what do they do?

A

bronchoconstriction and coughing

inflation; stop of inspiration

Juxtapulmonary capillary receptors. They increase rapid, shallow breathing

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16
Q

Stimulate vagal signals to medulla results in

A

bronchoconstriction/ coughing

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17
Q

From chemoreceptors –

A

monitor blood pH, CO2and O2 levels

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18
Q

stretch receptors in airways -inflation reflex

A

•excessive inflation triggers stop of inspiration

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19
Q

Rate and depth of breathing adjusted to maintain levels of:

A

–pH
–pH –PCO2
–PO2

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20
Q

Rate and depth of breathing adjusted to maintain levels of:

A

–pH
–PCO2
–PO2

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21
Q

______primary stimulus for central chemoreceptors) •–

A

pH of CSF

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22
Q

Respiratory acidosis (pH < 7.4)

A

caused by ↓ ↓↓ ↓ pulmonary ventilation –hypercapnia: PCO> 45 mmHg –hypercapnia: PCO 2 > 45 mmHg •CO2 easily crosses blood-brain barrier •in CSF the CO2 reacts with water and releases H+ •central chemo receptors strongly stimulate inspiratory center

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23
Q

“blowing off ” CO2pushes reaction to the left

A

CO2(expired) + H2O ← ←← ←H2CO3 ← ←← ←HCO3-+ H+ –so hyperventilation reduces H+

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24
Q

•Respiratory alkalosis (pH > 7.4)

A

–hypocapnia: PCO 2 < 35 mmHg –Hypoventilation (↑ ↑↑ ↑CO2), pushes reaction to the right ↑ ↑↑ ↑CO+ HO → →→ →HCO→ →→ →HCO-+ H+

↑ ↑↑ ↑CO2+ H2O → →→ →H2CO3 → →→ →HCO3-+ H+ –↑ ↑↑ ↑H+lowers pHto normal

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25
Q

•pH imbalances can have metabolic causes –

A

Ex: uncontrolled diabetes mellitus •ketoacidosis, may be compensated for by Kussmaul respirations

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26
Q

Where are peripheral found?

A

Peripheral –found in major blood vessels •aortic bodies –signals medulla via C.N. X

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27
Q

Where are carotid bodies

A

carotid bodies –signals medulla by C.N. IX

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28
Q

Central –in medulla •

A

primarily monitor pHof CSF •↑ ↑↑ ↑[H+] stimulates ventilation •↓ ↓↓ ↓[H+] inhibits it

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29
Q

Ventilatory responses what percentage is mediated by central chemoreceptors?

A

80% mediated by central chemoreceptors

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30
Q

Ventilatory responses what percentage is mediated by peripheraL chemoreceptors?

A

20% mediated by peripheral chemoreceptors.

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31
Q

Central receptors monitor

A

CSF

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32
Q

The normal pH of CSF is ______ and it has much _______buffering capacity compared to blood, resulting in greater change in pH with changes in PCO2
•Changes can be compensated by –Example:

A

7.33,less
active transport of HCO3-into the CSF HCO3-into the CSF
A patient with chronic lung disease will have CO2 retention, but may have a near normal CSF pH and a resulting low ventilation for his or her PCO2 level

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33
Q

With severe lung disease, the hypoxic drive to ventilation becomes very important –Chronic CO2 retention results in the __________

What become the chief stimulus of ventilation?

A

compensation of CSF pH to nearly normal range
These patients have lost most of their increase in the stimulus for ventilation from CO2 –By this point, the kidney should have already metabolically compensated for the respiratory acidosis, so the peripheral chemoreceptors have no pH stimulus to increase ventilation
-Under these conditions, arterial hypoxemia (PaO2) becomes the chief stimulus of ventilation •If a high O2 mixture is given to relieve the hypoxemia, the ventilation may be grossly depressed.

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34
Q

The cortex can _________these centers if _______Control is needed

A

Can override; voluntary

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35
Q

Medullary Rhythmicity area : dorsal group is the ______ group and the Ventral group is the _______Group

A

Inspiratory Group; expiratory

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36
Q

Inspiratory group is the

Expiratory group is the

A

Dorsal group

Ventral group

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37
Q

Respiratory Center in pons :

A

pneumotaxic area

Apneustic area

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38
Q

The pons regulate

A

rate and depth

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39
Q

What does the pneumotaxic center of the pons do?

A

Pneumotaxic center: Sends continual inhibitory impulses to inspiratory center, as impulse frequency rises, breaths shorter, faster and shallower.

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40
Q

What does the Apneustic Center of the pons do

A

Apneustic center: Promotes maximal lung inflation and long deep breaths
Inspiration & expiration

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41
Q

Vagus nerve : type of receptors (3)

A

Stretch
Irritant
J receptors

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42
Q

Central control impulses from the_______and ________

A

VAGUS; GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL nerves modulate the output of inspiratory cells

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43
Q

The cycle of inspiration

A
  • latent period of several seconds
  • Crescendo of action potentials leading to a ramp of strengthening inspiratory muscle
  • Inspiration action potential cease and inspiratory muscle tone falls
    Expiration occurs due to elastic recoil of lung tissues and chest wall
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44
Q

Central Control

A

Medullary respiratory center is in the reticular formation of the medulla beneath the floor of the fourth ventricle.

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45
Q

Pre-Botzinger Complex

A

Part of the ventral group= essential for generation of the respiratory rhythm

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46
Q

Dorsal respiratory Group sets what?

A

sets the basic respiratory rhythm

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47
Q

Ventral respiratory Group

A

associated with forced respiration

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48
Q

Ventral resp group, These groups of cells have i

A
  • intrinsic period firing abilities and are responsible for basic rhythm of ventilation.
  • Event when all afferent stimuli is abolished, these cells generate repetitive action potentials that send impulses to the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles.
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49
Q

Central control; The expiratory area is normally quiet during normal breathing but

A

will become activated with forceful breathing

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50
Q

PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER:located where ? does what? what mechanism

A

in the upper pons
-inhibits inspiration
- Limits the burst of action potentials in the phrenic nerve, effectively decrease the tidal volume and regulating the respiratory rate
Fine tuning of respiratory rhythm because a normal rhythm can exist in the absence of this center.

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51
Q

Apneustic center

A

in the lower pons
Impulses have an excitatory effect on the DORSAL RESPIRATORY group in the medulla
Promotes inspiration
sends signals to the respiratory group in the medulla to delay the “switch off” signal provided by the pneumotaxic center.

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52
Q

INPUT to RESPIRATORY CENTERS

A

From limbic system & hypothalamus

respiratory effects of pain & emotion

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53
Q

INPUT from airways to lungs

A

From airways & lungs
Irritant receptors in respiratory mucosa
stimulate vagal signals to medulla, result in bronchoconstriction / coughing

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54
Q

INPUT to stretch receptors in airways

A

irritation reflex
excessive inflation triggers stop of inspiration
J-receptors - Juxtapulmonary capillary receptors. - increase rapid, shallow breathing

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55
Q

Input to respiratory from chemoreceptors

A

monitor blood pH, CO2 and O2 levels.

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56
Q

Blood chemistry and respiratory rhythm : Rate and depth breathing adjusted to maintain levels of

A

pH
PCO2
PO2

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57
Q

****Effects of Hydrogen IONS’
primary stimulus for what kind of chemoreceptors?
Respiratory________caused by a_________pulmonary ventilation

A 
***pH of CSF (primary stimulus for central chemoreceptors)
Respiratory acidosis (ph<7.40 ) caused by decreased pulmonary ventilation
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58
Q

Respiratory Acidosis (ph is ________) caused by Decreased pulmonary ________
Hypercapnia –>
CO2 easily crosses______
In CSF, the ________reacts with _____and releases____
Central chemoreceptors strongly stimulates _______Center
______CO2 pushes reaction to the left
What does HYPERVENTILATION do?

A

PCO2 >45 mmHg
CO2 easily crosses BBB
In CSF, the CO2 reacts with water and releases H+
Central chemoreceptors strongly stimulate inspiratory center
Blowing off CO2 pushes reaction to the left
CO2 (expired ) + H2O
Reduces H+

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59
Q 
Respiratory alkalosis (ph\_\_\_\_\_\_\_-)
Hypo\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: PCO2\_\_\_\_\_\_
Hypo\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_Increased\_\_\_\_\_\_pushes reaction to the right
\_\_\_\_\_\_H+lowers pH to normal
pH imbalances can have metabolic causes
A 
>7.4
PCO<35mmHg
Hyperventilation--> Increased CO2
↑CO2+H20-->H2CO3 --> HCO3- + H+
↑ ph \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_to normal
60
Q

Ph imbalances can have metabolic causes ex

A

uncontrolled DM

Ketaacidosis ,compensated by Kussmaul Respirations.

61
Q

What is the normal ph of the CSF? between blood and CSF which one possess LESS buffering capacity? what does that mean?

A

7.33, CSF ; Greater change in pH with changes in PCO2

62
Q

**Which monitor CSF

A

Central receptors

63
Q

How is change in the CSF compenesated

A

Active transport of HCO3- into the CSF

64
Q

A patient with chronic lung disease will have

A

CO2 retnetion , but may have a normal CSF ph and a resulting low ventilatio for his or her PCO2 level.

65
Q

***Chemoreceptors types

A

Peripheral and Central.

66
Q

**Chemoreceptors Peripheral
Found where?
2 Types? and does what ?

A

**Found in major blood vessels
Aortic bodies - Signals medulla via CN X
Carotid bodies - Signals medulla by CN XI

67
Q 
****Chemoreceptors Central 
Found where?
2 Types? and does what ?
What inhibits ventilation?
What stimulates ventilation?
A

In medulla
Primarily monitor pH of CSF
↑ [H+] stimulates ventilation
↓ [H+] inhibits it

68
Q

*****Ventilator responses 80% mediated by ______

A

central chemoreceptors

69
Q

*****Ventilator responses 20% mediated by _

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors

70
Q

**if a high O2 mixture is given the relieve the hypoxemia, the ventilation may be

A

**Grossly depressed

71
Q

Chronic O2 retention results in the compensation of CSF ph to _______
These patients have lost most of their __________

A

nearly normal range
Increase in the stimulus for ventilation from CO2
BY THIS POINT, THE KIDNEYS ALREADY METABOLICALLY COMPENSATED FOR THE respiratory acidosis, so the peripheral chemoreceptors have no pH stimulus to increase ventilation.
Under these conditions, arterial HYPOXEMIA (PaO2) becomes the chief stimulus or ventilation

72
Q

**Peripheral chemoreceptors located in the _________ at the __________ of the ________ arteries and in the __________above the _______

A

Located in the carotid bodies at the bifurcation of the
common carotid arteries, and in the aortic bodies
above the aortic arch

73
Q

***Which of the bodies are more important?
Afferent nerve is the ___________ (CN__).Contain glomus cells –sites of ___________ -modulate ___________ ___________ by physiological and chemical stiumuli

A

Carotid bodies;
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL XI;
site of CHEMORECEPTION
neurotransmitter release by

74
Q

***Peripheral CHEMORECEPTORS respond to :

  • The response of the peripheral chemoreceptors to arterial PCO2 is _________ than that of the _______chemoreceptors even though peripheral responses are __________ but ________
A
  • ****Decrease in arterial PO2 and pH, and increases in arterial PCO2
  • LESS IMPORTANT; CENTRAL; FASTER but Weaker
75
Q

CAROTID receptors respond to drop in

A

pH (IX)

76
Q

AORTIC receptors response to

A

PCO2 (X)

77
Q

Conditions that affect ventilation
Receptors can be_______or _______
What are factors that enhanced ventilation?

A 
enhanced or suppressed
MLE
Metabolic acidosis
Low PO2(<60mmHg)
Elevated temperature
78
Q

Conditions that affect ventilation

What are factors that SUPPRESSED ventilation?

A 
MANC
MA (Metabolic alkalosis)
A (any cns depressant)
N (cold)
N (Narcotics)
79
Q

Integrated responses

- Decreasing arterial PCO2 is ________ in reducing the __________ to Ventilation

A

very effective

stimulus

80
Q

The main stimulus to increase ventilation when arterial _________ rises comes from the ______receptors which respond to the increases _____ in CSF , and also from peripheral receptors responding to both the rise in _______ and decrease in ______

A

PCO2; Central ; {H+}; pCO2 , pH

81
Q

1.Just review: Drug effects on ventilation
Amnestics : _______CNS leading to a decrease ____
Affect _______ and _______
At high doses may cause _______

OPIODs
Affect\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_Center
Decrease \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Mildly increase \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Decrease \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_over all
A

Suppress; RR
Muscle tone and upper airway
Apnea

Respiratory drive center
Respiratory Rate
Tidal Volume
minute ventilation

82
Q

2.Just review: Drugs effects on Ventilation
Volatile Anesthetics :
Suppresses _______ ______relaxes _________ including leading to what kind of breathing?

Nitrous Oxide:
Supportive of _______
resulting in an ______in RR

A

-suppresses neural activation
all muscles including the diaphragm, leading to fast and shallow breathing
Suppresses response to PCO2 (abolishes response to PO2)

  • Ventilation; increase
83
Q

Pressure and flow: What drives respiration? _______Pressur

A

Atmospheric pressure

84
Q

What 2 things are inversely proportional?

A

Intrapulmonary pressure and LUNG volume

85
Q

Just review :Physical Pressure drive_____

Partial Pressure drive _____

A

Conduction

Gas exchange

86
Q

Flow governed by

A

Poiseuilles’ s Law

Turbulent flow occurs with increased velocity, tube diameter, and gas density.

87
Q

Describe transitional flow

A

A mixture of laminar and turbulent , occurs at branch point of the airways,
In Trachea and larger airways either turbulent or transitional

88
Q

Found in smallest airway is________Flow

A

laminar

89
Q

REVIEW Pressure in the potential space between the parietal and visceral pleura is___________
• Pressures are generated by the movement between the lung and chest wall
– The lung tends to________ its volume due to inward elastic recoil
– The chest wall tends to________its volume due to outward elastic recoil

A

normally subatmospheric around -3 to -5 cm H2O

decrease; increase

90
Q

**difference in volume & compliance leads to a

A

**Difference in ventilation

91
Q

***** Difference in ventilation can be due to

A

difference in volume and compliance

92
Q

Are all alveoli in the lower lung ventilated equally?

which alveoli receive more ventilation per breath?

A

NO

Base receive more ventilation than the alveoli in the upper regions of the lungs.

93
Q

The influence of gravity on a supported structure is called

A

Dependency

94
Q

Dependency accounts for

A

Regional differences in alveolar ventilation (dependent vs nondependent)

95
Q

Effective gas exchange depends on what

A

Approximately even distribution of gas (ventilation) and blood (perfusion) in all portions of the lungs (V/Q)

96
Q

Ventilation and perfusion depend on

A

body position.

97
Q

If a standing individual assumes a supine or side lying position–> which are best ventilated?

A

The areas of the lungs that are the most dependent becomes the best ventilated and perfused?

98
Q

If a standing individual assumes a supine or side lying position–> which are best ventilated?

A

The areas of the lungs that are the most dependent becomes the best ventilated and perfused

99
Q

Distribution of perfusion in the pulmonary circulaton also is affected by

A

ALVEOLAR PRESSURE (gas pressure in the alveoli)

100
Q

how does the pulmonary capillary bed differs from systemic capillary bed?

A

It is surrounded by gas containing alveoli.

101
Q

what happens when the gas pressure in the alveoli exceeds the blood pressure in the capillary

A

the capillary collapses and flow ceases.

102
Q

Zone I

A

PA>Pa>Pv

103
Q

Zone II

A

Pa>PA>Pv

104
Q

Zone III

A

Pa>Pv>PA

105
Q

PA

A

Alveolar pressure

106
Q

Pa

A

arterial pressure

107
Q

Pv

A

venous pressure

108
Q

Zone 1 =

A

Increased Pa, compressed arterioles = V without Q deadspace.

109
Q

__________Determine rate of diffusion of each gas and

gas exchange between blood and alveolus

A

Partial pressures (as well as solubility of gas)

110
Q

****What is elasticity

When lungs are inflated, there is a tendency to _________

A

Tendency of the lung tissue to return to its original position after an applied force has been removed
- When inflated, there is a tendency to recoil to a smaller unstressed volume

111
Q

*****To keep the lungs inflated

A

an opposing pressure difference is required, provided by chest wall and respiratory muscles,

112
Q

The difference between the two curves is called

A

hysteresis

113
Q

The lung always retains some residual air, and even in forced expiration, ________would prevent further air loss

A

small airway closure and trapping

114
Q

Accentuates collapse Airway

A

Bernouilli effect

115
Q

When air enters a constriction, the linear velocity _____and pressure _______

A

increases; decreases

116
Q

**COMPLIANCE : opposite of _______
It is a measure of __________ of the lung
Mathematically it is the change in _________divided by the change in ______Pressure . Volume in ____and pressure is in _______

A

Chest wall compliance is the opposite of elasticity, it is a measure of the distensibility of the lung. Mathematically it is the change in lung volume divided by the change in recoil pressure, where change
in volume is in liters and change in pressure is in cm H20

117
Q

1 cm H2O

A

98.07 Pa= 0.735559 mmHg

118
Q

Factors reducing compliance

A

Low volume
Fibrous tissue
Atelectasis and
Increases in surface tension

119
Q

Factors affecting Airway resistance

A

Diameter
Flow
Density
Poseuilles Law

120
Q

______or ______That affect recoil include _______

A

Age, pathologies (pulmonary fibrosis)

121
Q

How do you calculate MINUTE VENTILATION (Ve)?

A 
Ve = Vt x f
Ve = minute ventilation 
Vt= Tidal volume 
f = frequency or RR
122
Q

Calculatons - Alveolar minute ventilation (VA) formula

A

V(A) = (Vt - VDs) x RR
V(A)= alveolar ventilation
Vt =Tidal volume
V ds = Physiologic dead space 1ml per POUND of IDEAL body weight

123
Q

anatomic ds =__________
mechanical ds =_________
alveolar ds =________
physiologic ds =________

A

conducting airway
ventilator machine circuit, ET tube, etc
nonperfused alveoli (usually nominal)
the sum of anatomic & alveolar ds

124
Q

If you want to increase alveolar ventilation, should you
increase respiratory rate or tidal volume?
Which is more affective at increasing alveolar ventilation? increasing TV or increasing frequency? why?

A

Increasing frequency while maintaining a constant volume results in proportional increase of both alveolar ventilation and dead space

Increasing tidal volume while maintaining constant frequency results in no change to dead space but an increase in alveolar ventilation

Answer: increasing tidal volume is more effective to increase VA than increasing breathing frequency

125
Q

Age effects

A

Decreased alveolar elasticity/ lung compliance
higher residual volume
Loss of alveolar surface area
Decreased pulmonary perfusion.

126
Q

Pathological Disorders : RESTRICTIVE (PISAM)

A 
Decrease compliance and vital capacity
PISAM 
Pulmonary fibrosis
sarcoidosis
Interstitial lung disease
Myasthenia Gravis
ALS
127
Q

Pathological Disorders : OBSTRUCTIVE

A 
interfere with airflow, expiration requires more effort o ris less complete
ACE
Asthma
COPD
Emphysema
128
Q

REVIEW Composition of air is a mixture of gases and

At sea level?

A

each contributes to its partial pressure
At sea level 1 atm of pressure = 760 mmHg
Nitrogen constitutes 78.6% at the atmophere

129
Q

REVIEW Partial pressures as well as _____________ determine ____________of each gas and __________between blood and alveolus

A

solubility of gas
Rate of diffusion
Gas exchange.

130
Q

Henry’s law: amount of gas that dissolve in _______is determined by its _________in water and its __________

A

– amount of gas that dissolves in water is
determined by its solubility in water and its
partial pressure in air

131
Q

Factors affecting gas exchange

A 
Concentration gradient
Gas solubility
Membrane thickness
Surface area
Ventilation perfusion coupling --> are
O2 has increased conc. gradient
CO2 has increased solubility
132
Q

Ventilation perfusion coupling

A

Areas of good ventilation need good perfusion

133
Q

Oxygen transport: Concentration in arterial blood

A
  1. 5% bound to hemoglobin

1. 5% dissolved

134
Q

Explain binding to hemoglobin

A

each heme group of 4 globin chains my bind O2
Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
Deoxyhemoglobin (HHb)

135
Q

Oxygen Transport : Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation curve

A

Relationship between hemoglobin saturation and PO2 is not a simple linear one
after binding with O2, the shape of hemoglobin change to make it easier for further UPTAKE (which is a positive feedback cycle)

136
Q

Factors decreasing affinity (RIGHT SHIFT)

A 
CADET face Right
C increased PCO2
A Acidosis (decreases pH)
D 2,3 DPG high
E Exercise
T Temperature, High
137
Q

Curve: x axis and y-axis is

A

PaO2; SaO2

138
Q

Factors increasing affinity (left shift)

A 
Alkalosis
Decreased PCO2
Low level 2,3 DPG
Carboxyhemoglobin
Methemoglobin
Abnormal hemoglfon
139
Q

CO2 transport

A

Carbonic acid - 70%
Carbaminohemoglobin - 23%
Dissolved gas 7%

140
Q

Review CO2 loading GAS exchange at tisses systemic

A 
Carbonic anhydralase in RBC catalyzes
• CO2 + H2O →H2CO3 → HCO3- + H+
Chloride shift: Keep reaction proceeding
O2 unloading : H+ binding to HbO2, decreased affinity for O2 (hb arrives 97% saturated, leaves 75% saturates, venous reserve
Amount of O2 released in 22%
141
Q

Review Gas Exchange at lung (alveolar)

A

– as Hb loads O2 its affinity for H+ decreases,
H+ dissociates from Hb and bind with HCO3-
• CO2 + H2O ←H2CO3 ← HCO3- + H
-Reverse Chloride shift
• HCO3- diffuses back into RBC in exchange
for Cl-, free CO2 generated diffuses into
alveolus to be exhaled

142
Q

What is essential for the generation of the respiratory rhtynm? it is part of what respiratory group?

A

Pre Botzinger complexv

ventral respiratory group

143
Q

FRC (functional residual capacity)

A

is the volume remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal tidal expiration.

144
Q

Compliance

A

Change in V / Change in P

145
Q

What affects recoil

A

Age and pathologies

SRNAanatomy (25 decks)

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