NEURO Part I Flashcards
2 Divisions of Nervous system
Central and Peripheral
2 Part of the PNS? How many cranial nerves? How many spinal nerves?
Cranial (12) and spinal nerves (31)
PNS in in control of ______movement
involuntary movement
CNS and PNS work together to
regulate normal body function
Afferent pathways (asc or esc/ and sens or motor)
Ascending; sensory
Efferent pathways (asc or esc/ and sens or motor)
Descending; motor
Cortical-spinal tract
Cortex to spinal tract
Somatic nervous system
Motor Pathways regulate voluntary motor control of skeletal muscle
***ANS control involuntary movement of _____ , _____ and ______
Cardiac, smooth and glandular tissues.
What are 2 motor pathways:
somatic
Autonomic
PNS - 3 divisions
Sympathetic ; Parasympathetic, Enteric
All neurons
Cell body (soma)
dendrites
Axons
Clumps of Cell bodies in peripheral are called
GANGLIA
Clumps of Cell bodies in Central are called
nuclei
Axon carry potential from what?
Carry action potential from cell body to end bulb
Neurotransmitter is release at the
Synapse
Axons Myelinated
Carry POTENTIAL FASTER
Axons UNMyelinated
Carry POTENTIAL slower
What is the Neurilemma
Schwann Sheath
Myelinated “A delta” fiber
more ACCURATE LOCALIZATION OF PAIN
Unmyelinated “C” fiber
long lasting, dull burning aching pain (surgical wound)
Multipolar, bipolar , and unipolar
Multipolar: many dendrites/one axon
Bipolar : One dendrite/one axon
Unipolar: sensory from skin and organs to spinal cord
Sensory neurons: which pathway
Afferent pathways; sensory to the CNS
1) Motor neurons; which pathway?
2) What are Interneurons
Efferent pathways; motor impulses from the CNS
2) Transmit motor impulses from NEURON to NEURON.
Support cells are called ? Approximate number in brain
What does neuroglia means
NEUROGLIA ; 5-10 X
-Nerve glue.
Do neurons regenerate when damaged
No;
Astrocytes role
Comment on BBB
Fill the spaces between neurons
HAS a PERIVASCULAR FEET that surround the blood vessel in the CNS (form the Blood Brain barrier)
Brain tumors are caused by
NEUROGLIAL cells.
What is the role of the OLIGODENDROCYTES?
Deposit myelin within the CNS
Ependymal cells? Comment on CSF
Line the cavities of the CNS and PRODUCE THE CSF Fluid.
What are MICROGLIA
immune cells remove debris in the CNS
What are the cells that form and maintain myelin sheath in the PNS
Schawnn cells
Which Increase the VELOCITY of the action potential in the PNS
Node of Ranvier
Nerve injury and regeneration can ONLY happen in the________ depending on the amount of injury
PNS
If it’s a ________ nerve better chance of recovery
Myelinated
Wallarian degeneration
Axon portion distal portion degeneration
Repolarization does what to potassium?
Lets potassium out of the cells.
2 types of conduction
Saltatory
Continuous
Saltatory conduction
Signal traveling passively through electronic thread *Jumping around (signals boost and dissipate)
When the membrane reaches the depolarization threshold
An impulse is generated
synapses
found between adjacent neurons
***Synaptic Knobs or Bulbs at presynpatic
STORE THE NEUROTRANSMITTER
Synaptic Cleft is the _________
Neurotransmitter are released across the _________
space between neurons
Synaptic Cleft
Post synaptic membrane.
Plasma membrane of the receiving dendrites
Cocaine is also
Selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor
Chemical synapse
Ca open channels
Acetylcholine
Na ion opens
Diffuse through the cell
NMJ involves _____tranmitter
Ach
Neurotransmitters
Ach, glutamate, GABA , serotonin
GABA agonist example is
Valium
What does GABA
Enhancing the INHIBITORY effect of GABA
Cathecholamines
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Dopamine
Regulate organ function and brain function
NE and EPI
** Effect of post synaptic neurons
depending which type of neurotransmitter
ACH
EXCITATORY (NICOTINIC: EXCITATORY) OR INHIBITORY (MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS) BOTH
Norepinephrine
Excitatory: Alpha 1 receptors excitatory
Cholinergic receptors responds to which trasmitter
Acetylcholine
Ach receptors
Muscarinic or nicotinic
Adrenergic receptors - Alpha 2
Located in presynaptic and post synaptic cells
Alpha 1 agonist used to treat
Nasal congestion and ophtalmic hyperemia
Beta 1 found in
Heart and kidney
Beta 1 leads to: _____, ____ , ____ in the heart and _______ in the kidney. Is beta 1 Excitatory or inhibitory?
Increase chronotropy increase inotropy and conduction velocity - Increase Renin Excitatory
Adrenergic Receptors : Beta 2 act in the ________ and _______. It causes Smooth muscle ________ and ______
Some examples drugs for Asthma/COPD
In the uterus________ Increase
Lungs and Uterus; smooth muscle relaxation; Bronchodilation.
Albuterol, salmetorol, formoterol
Increase tocolysis (premature labor); TERBUTALINE
Nondepolarizing NMJ blocking agents act by
Acts by competitively binding to ACh receptors.
Examples of NONDEPOLARIZING NMJ blocking agents
Pan ,Vec and Rocuronium
Depolarizing NMJ blocking agents Example:
Succinylcholine
What does the depolarizing NMJ do.
Depolarized motor end plane, muscle is no longer responsive to ACh.
Muscle relaxants 2 types
Depolarizing and nondepolarization
Succinylcholine is degraded by
PSEUDOCHOLINESTERASE
Used SUCC for
Rapid sequence invitation, pt at increased risk for aspiration
Do not give succ to
Hyperkalemic patient
Spinal cord denervation injury
Succ can cause
Bradycardia
hyperthermia
Rocuronium
short onset, long duration
Given to patient with renal failure
Cisatracurium and atracurium (use in liver and renal patient)
hoffman elimination –> NONENZYMATIC elimination
IV propofol binds to _____ ( ) receptors and hold _____ ions channels open to allow ______ions to enter, this allow _____polarization of the cell membranes
binds to GABA a receptors; Chloride; negatively charged; HYPERPOLARIZATION
Where does the Actions potentials begin
Axon hillock
_______ carry impulses away from the cell body to _____; ________carry impulses to
the cell body
Axons; end bulb; Dendrites
Causes faster transmission by allowing ions to flow between segments of myelin rather
than along the entire length of the axon
SALTATORY CONDUCTION
SALTATORY CONDUCTION
Causes faster transmission by allowing ions to flow between segments of myelin rather
than along the entire length of the axon
With action potential it is a _____ or _____ response
All or none
The presence of ________ dramatically increases the speed at which an action potential moves along an axon.
MYELIN
What are the body’s natural painkillers
Endorphins
Enkephalins
*****2 possible effects on postsynaptic neurons depending
a)which type of neurotransmitter and receptor.
** Excitatory
Depolarizes the postsynaptic neuron
**Inhibitory
HYPERPOLARIZES the post synaptic neuron
Acetylcholine receptors in the CNS are _______ and ________
Muscarinic and Nicotinic
Acetylcholine receptors in the ANS are _______ and ________
Muscarinic and Nicotinic
Acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular are ___
Nicotinic
All MUSCARINIC Receptors are _____ _____ _____receptors
G-protein coupled receptors.
All muscarinic Receptors are G-protein coupled receptors, how do they mediate CELLULAR Responses through
Second messenger CASCADES
What are the subtypes of the muscarinic G-protein coupled receptors
M1, M2, M3, M4, M5
What are the excitatory subtypes of muscarinic receptors?
M1, M3, M5
What are the INHIBITORY subtypes of muscarinic receptors?
M2, M4
Muscarinic receptors acting on the CNS
M1, M4, M5
Muscarinic receptors acting on the Heart
M2
Muscarinic receptors acting on the smooth muscle
M3
Are nicotinic receptors G coupled or ligand gated ion channels
Ligand Gated ion channels.
What happens when nicotine receptors are activated / bound to ACh? Which ion channels open?
Undergo a conformational change that allows the entry of sodium ions when bound to acetylcholine.
M2 is (Inhibitory/ Excitatory) ______ and what does it do to the heart rate
Slow Cardiac SA node
M4 is (Inhibitory/ Excitatory) ______ and what does it do ?
Decreases cAMP second messengers.
What are the subtypes of NICOTINIC receptors? _____ or ____
N2 or “Nm”
What is the other name for N1
Nn
What are the Adrenergic receptors located
Post synaptically of effector organ
Subtypes of Adrenergic receptors
Alpha 1 and alpha 2
Adrenergic Receptors : Alpha 2, is located in both _______ neurons and ______ cells
presynaptic neurons
Postsynaptic.
Alpha 2 MEDIATE
Feedback inhibition
Alpha 2 mediate feedback inhibition and inhibits ______ from adrenergic neurons, inhibits _____ from Choninergic neurons, and inhibits ______release on pancreatic beta cells
- NE
- ACh
- Insulin.
Beta 2 does what to the Detrusor muscle of the bladder
Relaxation
Beta 2 does what to the Detrusor muscle of the LIVER
Glucneogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Trigger zone does what? What does the action determine?
Net summation of Inhibitory and excitatory
Determines whether an action potential is generated here.
Inhibitory neurotransmitters:
Cause the postsynaptic neuron to Hyperpolarize and become less likely to fire – decreasing synaptic transmissions.
Example of an inhibitory mechanisms:
GABA(a) binds to its receptor and causes Cl- ions to flow into the cell, causing Hyperpolarization
IV Lidocaine, it is a _____ channel blocker, prevents _______ from entering nerve cell to transmit a signal.
Sodium, Na+
A rare side effect (adverse effect) during rapid Anesthesia Induction with
IV Fentanyl or other synthetic opioids.
LEad to ______ dopamine and ____GABA
WOODEN CHEST
decreased; increased
reflex movements of the head & eyes in response to visual stimuli
Superior colliculi:
reflex movements of the head & trunk in response to auditory stimuli
Inferior colliculi:
3 functions of Medulla oblongata:
Respiratory Control centers: regulates breathing
Cardiovascular Control center: regulates heart beat & blood pressure
Reflex centers: cough, swallowing, vomiting, sneezing
2 funtions of pons
Pons:
Relays signals between the medulla and cerebral cortex
Respiratory centers that assist the medulla
The floor of the diencephalon is formed by the
HYPOTHALAMUS
The ________ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems.
HYPOTHALAMUS
What structures make up the brainstem?
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
List the maters surrounding the brain from the deepest layer to the most superficial layer.
pia, arachnoid, dura
Which of the following lies between the cerebrum and the brain stem
DIENCEPHALON
Pineal gland is part of the
DIENCEPHALON
Which of the following is/are true of the epithalamus?
Forms the roof of the DIENCEPHALON
Which of the following is true regarding the pineal gland?
s part of the epithalamus and secretes melatonin.
Which of the following is a function of the thalamus?
process sensory information and relay it to the cerebrum
The thalamus is often called the “air traffic controller”“Grand Central Relay center” of the brain because it
determines the routing of incoming sensory information to the correct cerebral cortex area.
The structure of the brain that carries ascending sensory information to the thalamus is the
midbrain
The ________, a narrow stalk, connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.
INFUNDIBULUM
The highest levels of information processing occur in the ____
Cerebrum.
