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SRNAanatomy > NEURO Part I > Flashcards

NEURO Part I Flashcards

1
Q

2 Divisions of Nervous system

A

Central and Peripheral

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2
Q

2 Part of the PNS? How many cranial nerves? How many spinal nerves?

A

Cranial (12) and spinal nerves (31)

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3
Q

PNS in in control of ______movement

A

involuntary movement

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4
Q

CNS and PNS work together to

A

regulate normal body function

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5
Q

Afferent pathways (asc or esc/ and sens or motor)

A

Ascending; sensory

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6
Q

Efferent pathways (asc or esc/ and sens or motor)

A

Descending; motor

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7
Q

Cortical-spinal tract

A

Cortex to spinal tract

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8
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Motor Pathways regulate voluntary motor control of skeletal muscle

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9
Q

***ANS control involuntary movement of _____ , _____ and ______

A

Cardiac, smooth and glandular tissues.

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10
Q

What are 2 motor pathways:

A

somatic

Autonomic

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11
Q

PNS - 3 divisions

A

Sympathetic ; Parasympathetic, Enteric

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12
Q

All neurons

A

Cell body (soma)
dendrites
Axons

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13
Q

Clumps of Cell bodies in peripheral are called

A

GANGLIA

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14
Q

Clumps of Cell bodies in Central are called

A

nuclei

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15
Q

Axon carry potential from what?

A

Carry action potential from cell body to end bulb

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16
Q

Neurotransmitter is release at the

A

Synapse

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17
Q

Axons Myelinated

A

Carry POTENTIAL FASTER

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18
Q

Axons UNMyelinated

A

Carry POTENTIAL slower

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19
Q

What is the Neurilemma

A

Schwann Sheath

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20
Q

Myelinated “A delta” fiber

A

more ACCURATE LOCALIZATION OF PAIN

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21
Q

Unmyelinated “C” fiber

A

long lasting, dull burning aching pain (surgical wound)

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22
Q

Multipolar, bipolar , and unipolar

A

Multipolar: many dendrites/one axon
Bipolar : One dendrite/one axon
Unipolar: sensory from skin and organs to spinal cord

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23
Q

Sensory neurons: which pathway

A

Afferent pathways; sensory to the CNS

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24
Q

1) Motor neurons; which pathway?

2) What are Interneurons

A

Efferent pathways; motor impulses from the CNS

2) Transmit motor impulses from NEURON to NEURON.

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25
Q

Support cells are called ? Approximate number in brain

What does neuroglia means

A

NEUROGLIA ; 5-10 X

-Nerve glue.

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26
Q

Do neurons regenerate when damaged

A

No;

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27
Q

Astrocytes role

Comment on BBB

A

Fill the spaces between neurons

HAS a PERIVASCULAR FEET that surround the blood vessel in the CNS (form the Blood Brain barrier)

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28
Q

Brain tumors are caused by

A

NEUROGLIAL cells.

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29
Q

What is the role of the OLIGODENDROCYTES?

A

Deposit myelin within the CNS

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30
Q

Ependymal cells? Comment on CSF

A

Line the cavities of the CNS and PRODUCE THE CSF Fluid.

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31
Q

What are MICROGLIA

A

immune cells remove debris in the CNS

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32
Q

What are the cells that form and maintain myelin sheath in the PNS

A

Schawnn cells

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33
Q

Which Increase the VELOCITY of the action potential in the PNS

A

Node of Ranvier

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34
Q

Nerve injury and regeneration can ONLY happen in the________ depending on the amount of injury

A

PNS

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35
Q

If it’s a ________ nerve better chance of recovery

A

Myelinated

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36
Q

Wallarian degeneration

A

Axon portion distal portion degeneration

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37
Q

Repolarization does what to potassium?

A

Lets potassium out of the cells.

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38
Q

2 types of conduction

A

Saltatory

Continuous

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39
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Signal traveling passively through electronic thread *Jumping around (signals boost and dissipate)

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40
Q

When the membrane reaches the depolarization threshold

A

An impulse is generated

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41
Q

synapses

A

found between adjacent neurons

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42
Q

***Synaptic Knobs or Bulbs at presynpatic

A

STORE THE NEUROTRANSMITTER

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43
Q

Synaptic Cleft is the _________

Neurotransmitter are released across the _________

A

space between neurons

Synaptic Cleft

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44
Q

Post synaptic membrane.

A

Plasma membrane of the receiving dendrites

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45
Q

Cocaine is also

A

Selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor

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46
Q

Chemical synapse

A

Ca open channels
Acetylcholine
Na ion opens
Diffuse through the cell

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47
Q

NMJ involves _____tranmitter

A

Ach

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48
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Ach, glutamate, GABA , serotonin

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49
Q

GABA agonist example is

A

Valium

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50
Q

What does GABA

A

Enhancing the INHIBITORY effect of GABA

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51
Q

Cathecholamines

A

Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Dopamine

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52
Q

Regulate organ function and brain function

A

NE and EPI

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53
Q

** Effect of post synaptic neurons

A

depending which type of neurotransmitter

54
Q

ACH

A

EXCITATORY (NICOTINIC: EXCITATORY) OR INHIBITORY (MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS) BOTH

55
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Excitatory: Alpha 1 receptors excitatory

56
Q

Cholinergic receptors responds to which trasmitter

A

Acetylcholine

57
Q

Ach receptors

A

Muscarinic or nicotinic

58
Q

Adrenergic receptors - Alpha 2

A

Located in presynaptic and post synaptic cells

59
Q

Alpha 1 agonist used to treat

A

Nasal congestion and ophtalmic hyperemia

60
Q

Beta 1 found in

A

Heart and kidney

61
Q

Beta 1 leads to: _____, ____ , ____ in the heart and _______ in the kidney. Is beta 1 Excitatory or inhibitory?

A 
Increase chronotropy
increase inotropy
and conduction velocity
- Increase Renin
Excitatory
62
Q

Adrenergic Receptors : Beta 2 act in the ________ and _______. It causes Smooth muscle ________ and ______
Some examples drugs for Asthma/COPD
In the uterus________ Increase

A

Lungs and Uterus; smooth muscle relaxation; Bronchodilation.
Albuterol, salmetorol, formoterol
Increase tocolysis (premature labor); TERBUTALINE

63
Q

Nondepolarizing NMJ blocking agents act by

A

Acts by competitively binding to ACh receptors.

64
Q

Examples of NONDEPOLARIZING NMJ blocking agents

A

Pan ,Vec and Rocuronium

65
Q

Depolarizing NMJ blocking agents Example:

A

Succinylcholine

66
Q

What does the depolarizing NMJ do.

A

Depolarized motor end plane, muscle is no longer responsive to ACh.

67
Q

Muscle relaxants 2 types

A

Depolarizing and nondepolarization

68
Q

Succinylcholine is degraded by

A

PSEUDOCHOLINESTERASE

69
Q

Used SUCC for

A

Rapid sequence invitation, pt at increased risk for aspiration

70
Q

Do not give succ to

A

Hyperkalemic patient

Spinal cord denervation injury

71
Q

Succ can cause

A

Bradycardia

hyperthermia

72
Q

Rocuronium

A

short onset, long duration

73
Q

Given to patient with renal failure

A

Cisatracurium and atracurium (use in liver and renal patient)
hoffman elimination –> NONENZYMATIC elimination

74
Q

IV propofol binds to _____ ( ) receptors and hold _____ ions channels open to allow ______ions to enter, this allow _____polarization of the cell membranes

A

binds to GABA a receptors; Chloride; negatively charged; HYPERPOLARIZATION

75
Q

Where does the Actions potentials begin

A

Axon hillock

76
Q

_______ carry impulses away from the cell body to _____; ________carry impulses to
the cell body

A

Axons; end bulb; Dendrites

77
Q

Causes faster transmission by allowing ions to flow between segments of myelin rather
than along the entire length of the axon

A

SALTATORY CONDUCTION

78
Q

SALTATORY CONDUCTION

A

Causes faster transmission by allowing ions to flow between segments of myelin rather
than along the entire length of the axon

79
Q

With action potential it is a _____ or _____ response

A

All or none

80
Q

The presence of ________ dramatically increases the speed at which an action potential moves along an axon.

A

MYELIN

81
Q

What are the body’s natural painkillers

A

Endorphins

Enkephalins

82
Q

*****2 possible effects on postsynaptic neurons depending

A

a)which type of neurotransmitter and receptor.

83
Q

** Excitatory

A

Depolarizes the postsynaptic neuron

84
Q

**Inhibitory

A

HYPERPOLARIZES the post synaptic neuron

85
Q

Acetylcholine receptors in the CNS are _______ and ________

A

Muscarinic and Nicotinic

86
Q

Acetylcholine receptors in the ANS are _______ and ________

A

Muscarinic and Nicotinic

87
Q

Acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular are ___

A

Nicotinic

88
Q

All MUSCARINIC Receptors are _____ _____ _____receptors

A

G-protein coupled receptors.

89
Q

All muscarinic Receptors are G-protein coupled receptors, how do they mediate CELLULAR Responses through

A

Second messenger CASCADES

90
Q

What are the subtypes of the muscarinic G-protein coupled receptors

A

M1, M2, M3, M4, M5

91
Q

What are the excitatory subtypes of muscarinic receptors?

A

M1, M3, M5

92
Q

What are the INHIBITORY subtypes of muscarinic receptors?

A

M2, M4

93
Q

Muscarinic receptors acting on the CNS

A

M1, M4, M5

94
Q

Muscarinic receptors acting on the Heart

A

M2

95
Q

Muscarinic receptors acting on the smooth muscle

A

M3

96
Q

Are nicotinic receptors G coupled or ligand gated ion channels

A

Ligand Gated ion channels.

97
Q

What happens when nicotine receptors are activated / bound to ACh? Which ion channels open?

A

Undergo a conformational change that allows the entry of sodium ions when bound to acetylcholine.

98
Q

M2 is (Inhibitory/ Excitatory) ______ and what does it do to the heart rate

A

Slow Cardiac SA node

99
Q

M4 is (Inhibitory/ Excitatory) ______ and what does it do ?

A

Decreases cAMP second messengers.

100
Q

What are the subtypes of NICOTINIC receptors? _____ or ____

A

N2 or “Nm”

101
Q

What is the other name for N1

A

Nn

102
Q

What are the Adrenergic receptors located

A

Post synaptically of effector organ

103
Q

Subtypes of Adrenergic receptors

A

Alpha 1 and alpha 2

104
Q

Adrenergic Receptors : Alpha 2, is located in both _______ neurons and ______ cells

A

presynaptic neurons

Postsynaptic.

105
Q

Alpha 2 MEDIATE

A

Feedback inhibition

106
Q

Alpha 2 mediate feedback inhibition and inhibits ______ from adrenergic neurons, inhibits _____ from Choninergic neurons, and inhibits ______release on pancreatic beta cells

A
  • NE
  • ACh
  • Insulin.
107
Q

Beta 2 does what to the Detrusor muscle of the bladder

A

Relaxation

108
Q

Beta 2 does what to the Detrusor muscle of the LIVER

A

Glucneogenesis

Glycogenolysis

109
Q

Trigger zone does what? What does the action determine?

A

Net summation of Inhibitory and excitatory

Determines whether an action potential is generated here.

110
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters:

A

Cause the postsynaptic neuron to Hyperpolarize and become less likely to fire – decreasing synaptic transmissions.

111
Q

Example of an inhibitory mechanisms:

A

GABA(a) binds to its receptor and causes Cl- ions to flow into the cell, causing Hyperpolarization

112
Q

IV Lidocaine, it is a _____ channel blocker, prevents _______ from entering nerve cell to transmit a signal.

A

Sodium, Na+

113
Q

A rare side effect (adverse effect) during rapid Anesthesia Induction with
IV Fentanyl or other synthetic opioids.
LEad to ______ dopamine and ____GABA

A

WOODEN CHEST

decreased; increased

114
Q

reflex movements of the head & eyes in response to visual stimuli

A

Superior colliculi:

115
Q

reflex movements of the head & trunk in response to auditory stimuli

A

Inferior colliculi:

116
Q

3 functions of Medulla oblongata:

A

Respiratory Control centers: regulates breathing
Cardiovascular Control center: regulates heart beat & blood pressure
Reflex centers: cough, swallowing, vomiting, sneezing

117
Q

2 funtions of pons

A

Pons:
Relays signals between the medulla and cerebral cortex
Respiratory centers that assist the medulla

118
Q

The floor of the diencephalon is formed by the

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

119
Q

The ________ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems.

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

120
Q

What structures make up the brainstem?

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

121
Q

List the maters surrounding the brain from the deepest layer to the most superficial layer.

A

pia, arachnoid, dura

122
Q

Which of the following lies between the cerebrum and the brain stem

A

DIENCEPHALON

123
Q

Pineal gland is part of the

A

DIENCEPHALON

124
Q

Which of the following is/are true of the epithalamus?

A

Forms the roof of the DIENCEPHALON

125
Q

Which of the following is true regarding the pineal gland?

A

s part of the epithalamus and secretes melatonin.

126
Q

Which of the following is a function of the thalamus?

A

process sensory information and relay it to the cerebrum

127
Q

The thalamus is often called the “air traffic controller”“Grand Central Relay center” of the brain because it

A

determines the routing of incoming sensory information to the correct cerebral cortex area.

128
Q

The structure of the brain that carries ascending sensory information to the thalamus is the

A

midbrain

129
Q

The ________, a narrow stalk, connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.

A

INFUNDIBULUM

130
Q

The highest levels of information processing occur in the ____

A

Cerebrum.

SRNAanatomy (25 decks)

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