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SRNAanatomy > ENDOCRINE > Flashcards

ENDOCRINE Flashcards

1
Q

Exocrine

A

secretes products through a duct

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2
Q

Endocrine

A

directly into the bloodstream

No duct

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3
Q

Both endocrine and exocrine

A

Pancreas

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4
Q

Both hormone and neurotransmittres

A

NE, Dopamine and ADH

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5
Q

**ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)

A

regulates response to stress, stimulates adrenal cortex

corticosteroids regulate glucose, fat and protein metabolism

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6
Q

Pituitary

A

Anterior (adenohypophysis : gland)

Posterior (neurohypophysis)

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7
Q

Prolactin

A

(prolactin-releasing factor stimulates anterior pituitary to produce it)
female - milk synthesis after delivery
male - increased LH sensitivity and increased testosterone secretion

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8
Q

Posterior Pituitary Hormones(produced by

A

hypothalamus)

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9
Q

Posterior Pituitary Hormones(produced by hypothalamus) are

A

ADH
Oxytocin
GnRH

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10
Q

**ADH targets

A

kidneys
incr. water retention, reduce urine
also functions as neurotransmitter

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11
Q

**Oxytocin

A

Causes uterine contractions and milk ejection (let-down)

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12
Q

***GnRH

A

(Gonadotropin-releasing hormone) stimulates production of FSH and LH

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13
Q

***Control of Pituitary: Feedback from Target Organ

A

Negative feedback

increased target organ hormone levels inhibits release of tropic hormones

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14
Q

Control of Pituitary: Feedback from Target Organ

A

Positive feedback

stretching of uterus  OT release, causes more contraction/ stretching of uterus, until delivery

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15
Q

Thyroid Hormones

A

T3 (triiodothyronine)

T4 (tetraiodothyronine)

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16
Q

Thyroid hormones produced by

A

thyroid follicles - filled with colloid and lined with simple cuboidal epithelial “follicular cells”
***Increase body’s metabolic rate, O2 consumption
calorigenic effect - inc heat production
inc heart rate and contraction strength
inc respiratory rate
stimulates appetite and breakdown CHO, lipids and proteins

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17
Q

**Calcitonin produce by parafollicular “c” cells

A

increase blood Ca2+ , promotes Ca2+ deposition, antagonistic to parathyroid hormone

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18
Q

Posterior

A

Vasopressin

Oxytocin

19
Q

Parathyroid hormone:

A 
Increase blood Ca2+ levels
stimulates osteoclast maturation and mobilization of calcium from bone. promotes synthesis of calcitriol
Increase absorption of Ca2+ 
Decrease urinary excretion
Increase bone resorption
20
Q

Zona Glomerulosis produces

A

mineralocorticoids

control electrolyte balance, aldosterone promotes Na+ retention, water reabsorption and K+ excretion

21
Q

Zona Fasiculata produces

A

glucocorticoids especially cortisol, stimulates fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis (from a.a.’s and FA’s) and lipogenesis (release of fatty acids and glucose into blood) anti-inflammatory effect becomes immune suppression with long-term use

22
Q

Adrenal medulla stimulation causes release of

A

“catecholamines” (epinephrine, NE)

23
Q

Pheochromocytomas

Secrete

Clinical manifestations

A

caused by tumors derived from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla.

catecholamines.

Hypertension, diaphoresis, tachycardia, palpitations,
and severe headache

24
Q

Insulin (from Beta cells)

A

secreted after meal with carbohydrates raises glucose blood levels
*stimulates glucose and amino acid uptake
**nutrient storage effect (promotes glycogenesis and lipogenesis)
antagonizes glucagon

25
Q

Glucagon (from alpha cells)

A

secreted when blood glucose is low, acts on liver cells to release glycogen, increases blood sugar

26
Q

Somatostatin

A

(from delta cells)

27
Q

Parathyroid on calcium levels

A

Increase

28
Q

Pancreatic Hormones

A

Hyperglycemic hormones raise blood glucose

GH, epinephrine, NE, cortisol and corticosterone

29
Q

Hyperglycemic hormones raise

A

blood glucose

GH, epinephrine, NE, cortisol and corticosterone

30
Q

Steroids

A

derived from cholesterol:

sex steroids, corticosteroids

31
Q

Hormone Transport

A

Monoamines and peptides are hydrophilic

protein hormones are transported in the bloodstream, transported free unbound as water soluble form

32
Q

Cortisol

A

supresss inflammation

33
Q

Hormones mode of action –> 2 types

A

Hydrophobic hormones

Hydrophilic hormones

34
Q

Hydrophobic hormones

A

penetrate plasma membrane – bind to intracellular receptors ie. Estrogen, T3, aldosterone

35
Q

Hydrophilic hormones

A

must bind to cell-surface receptors ie. epinephrine

36
Q

Hydrophilic Hormones: Mode of Action

A

cAMP as Second Messenger ie. epinephrine

1) Hormone binding activates G protein
2) Activates adenylate cyclase
3) Produces cAMP
4) Activates kinases
5) Activates enzymes
6) Metabolic reactions:
- synthesis
- secretion
- change membrane potentials

37
Q

Myxedema (adult hypothyroidism, low TH)

A

low metabolic rate, sluggishness, sleepiness, weight gain, bradycardia, constipation, dry skin and hair, cold sensitivity, HIGH blood pressure and tissue swelling

38
Q

Modulation of Target Cell Sensitivity

UP-REGULATION

A

Low receptor density (weak response)

Increase receptor density / sensitivity –> stronger response

39
Q

Modulation of Target Cell Sensitivity

DOWN-REGULATION

A

High receptor density (strong response)

reduce receptor density / sensitivity –> diminished response

40
Q

Heart produces

A

ANP –> increase Na+ and H20 loss by kidneys

41
Q

not red Hyposecretion

A

inadequate hormone release

42
Q

Endocrine disorders

A

too much or too little

43
Q

epipheaseal plate

A

Close 18-21
BEfore gigantism
After Dwarfism

44
Q

excess corticol

A

cushing

SRNAanatomy (25 decks)

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