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S1 BIO 100 A&P 1 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

Chemistry and muscle anatomy

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1
Q

K+, Ca2+, Na+

A

Proper amount and concentration required for proper functioning of nerves and contraction of muscle tissue

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2
Q

Pennate muscles

A

Featherlike - fascicles lie at an angle or obliquely to line of pull - greater amount of force than ROM

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3
Q

Superficial fascia

A

Under the skin

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4
Q

Reversible rxn

A

Chemical run may be reversed under special circumstances - synthesis, decomposition, and exchange run are all reversible

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5
Q

Atomic weight

A

Average mass number for a particular element based on the typical proportion of different isotopes found in nature

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6
Q

Octet rule

A

Atoms with fewer or more that 8 e- in outer energy level will attempt to lose, gain, or share e- with other atoms to achieve stability

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7
Q

Epimysium

A

Coarse sheath which covers the muscle as a whole

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8
Q

Bases

A

Alkaline substances - shift H+/OH- in favor of OH- either by accepting H+ or releasing OH- - transportation of respiratory gases - elimination of waste products from body

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9
Q

Endomysium

A

Surrounds individual muscle fibers

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10
Q

Inorganic molecules

A

O2- required to complete decomposition rxns necessary for the release of energy (oxidation)
CO2- produced as a waste product - helps maintain the acid-base balance - drives breathing
Electrolytes

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11
Q

Cation

A

Positively charged ion

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12
Q

Water

A

Comprises of more that 50% body weight - intra/extracellular fluid - polar

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13
Q

How are muscles named (7)

A

Location - function - shape - direction of fibers - number of heads/divisions - point of attachment - size of muscle

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14
Q

Third class levers

A

L^_____P^______
^
F
Most common type in body - permit rapid and extensive movement

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15
Q

Buffers

A

Normal pH of body is 7.36-7.41 - maintain homeostasis - donates/removes H+ as needed

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16
Q

Somatic motor neurons

A

Axon extends from brain or spinal cord to a GROUP of skeletal muscle fibers - axon can branch many times because each axon extends to a different skeletal muscle fiber

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17
Q

Blood supply in muscle

A

1 artery and 1-2 veins accompany each nerve that penetrates the muscle. Loads of capillaries for transfer of nutrients/waste

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18
Q

Isometric

A

Muscle length doesn’t change during contraction

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19
Q

Fixated muscles

A

Joint stabilizers - maintain posture or balance during contraction of prime movers acting on joints in arms and legs - type of synergist

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20
Q

Synthesis rxn

A

A + B — — — > AB

Energy

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21
Q

Instertion

A

Point of attachment that moves when a muscle contracts. Insertion bone moves along line of force

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22
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has mass and occupies space

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23
Q

Spiral muscles

A

Have fibers that twist between their point of attachment

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24
Q

Parallel muscles

A

Vary in length - straplike muscles with parallel fascicles that run along line of pull of the muscles - greater ROM but less power/force

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25
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

Nonstriated - involuntary

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26
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

Usually lack C - structurally simple - lack C-C or C-H covalent bonds

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27
Q

Major elements in body

A

Oxygen - carbon - hydrogen - nitrogen

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28
Q

Origin

A

Point of attachment that does not move when muscle contracts. Origin bone more stationary during contraction at a joint

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29
Q

Chemistry

A

Structure, arrangement, and composition of substances and interactions they undergo

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30
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Chemical bond formed by transfer of e- from one atom to another - when dissolved in water, atoms become ions

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31
Q

Mass

A

Amount of matter in any moment, which does not change

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32
Q

Hyrdogen bonds

A

Very weak bonds that result from unequal charge distribution on a molecule (polar molecules) - Water as a solid, liquid, or gas

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33
Q

Isotonic

A

Muscle length changes during contraction (concentric or eccentric)

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34
Q

Ion

A

Atom with an electrical charge because of unequal protons and neutrons - occurs during ionization or the gaining/losing of electrons

35
Q

Electrons

A

Negatively charged and found in outer shells or electron clouds surround nucleus

36
Q

Electron shell

A

Rings which contain certain amount of energy (e-) and determine if the atom is chemically reactive

37
Q

Deep fascia

A

Around muscles, bones, and organs

38
Q

Neutrons

A

Neutrally charged and found in nucleus

39
Q

Circular muscles

A

Orbicular and sphincters - circle body openings - fascicles run in ring pattern - generate small amounts of ROM and force

40
Q

Acids

A

Substances that release H+ in solution

>7 pH

41
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons in nucleus - identifies the element

42
Q

Synergist

A

Muscles that contract at the same time as the prime mover - facilitate prime mover actions so that the prime move produced a more effective movements and helps control unwanted movements

43
Q

Mass number

A

Mass number = protons + neutrons

44
Q

First class levers

A

L^____________Pv
^
F
Not many in body

45
Q

Fascia

A

Fibrous connective tissue found under the skin and sounding many deeper organs, including skeletal muscles and bones

46
Q

Chemical bonds

A

Ionic, covalent, hydrogen bonds

47
Q

Electrolytes

A

Substances that dissociate in solution to form ion (acids/bases/salts)

48
Q

Nonpolar

A

No electric charge due to atom placement: oils and lipids

49
Q

Element

A

Pure - cannot be broken down or decomposed into 2 or more different substances - 26 in human body

50
Q

Second class levers

A

P^_____L^______
^
F
Controversy regarding presence in body

51
Q

Exchange rxn

A

AB + CD — — — > AD + BC

52
Q

Colliod

A

Molecules become dispersen without settling out (blood plasma)

53
Q

Eccentric

A

Still contracting as muscle lengthens

54
Q

Lever

A

Any rigid bar free to turn about a fixed point (fulcrum)

55
Q

Decomposition

A

AB — — — > A + B

Energy

56
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

Striated - involuntary

57
Q

Convergent muscles

A

Fascicles radiate out like blades on a fan - fascicles run along the line of pull

58
Q

Tendon sheath

A

Tube-like tunnel around tendon of muscle and lined with synovial membrane to reduce friction and enable mobility

59
Q

Chemical run factors

A

Concentration, temperature, and catalysts

60
Q

Aponeuroses

A

Flat sheet of connective tissue which usually merges with the fibrous wrappings of another muscle (back, stomach, palm of hand)

61
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Striated (alternating dark and light protein bands) - voluntary motion (even subconscious)

62
Q

Isotopes

A

Same element, different amount of neutrons - different mass numbers, same atomic number

63
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Bond formed by sharing of one or more pairs of electrons - most common chemical bonds in body - these compounds form most of the body’s structures - stronger than ionic bonds

64
Q

Fusiform muscles

A

Fascicles that may be close to parallel in the center but converge to a tendon at one or both ends

65
Q

Properties of water

A

Solvent - tends to dissociate ionic compounds - permits transport of essential matierials - high heat index (absorbs and gives up heat slowly)

66
Q

Perimysium

A

Surrounds fascicles (bundles) together

67
Q

Organic compounds

A

Generally defined as compounds composed of C-C and/or C-H covalent bonds - generally larger and more complex - biomolecules

68
Q

Aqueous solution

A

Mixture of 2+ molecules (salt water)

69
Q

Prime movers

A

Agonists - muscles that directly perform OR provide major force for a specific movement

70
Q

4 components of lever systems

A

Rigid bar (bone)
Fixed pivot or fulcrum (joint)
Load or resistance that’s moved
Force or pull (muscle contraction)

71
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged ion

72
Q

Salts

A

Result from chemical interaction of acid and base - electrolyte compounds that dissociate in solution to form +/- charged ions that, when water is removed, form crystals

73
Q

Concentric

A

Muscle shortens as contracts

74
Q

Compound

A

2+ elements joined together

75
Q

Weight

A

Force of gravity acting on matter, does change

76
Q

Tendon

A

Endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium are continuous with fibrous tissue extending beyond the muscle (wrist, ankle joints)

77
Q

Protons

A

Positively charged and found in nucleus

78
Q

Molecule and compounds

A

Molecule- 2+ atoms of the same kind

Compound- 2+ different atoms

79
Q

Muscle tissue properties

A

Electrical excitability (action potentials), contractility, extensibility (stretch), and elasticity ( return to original length)

80
Q

_pH scale

A

Power of Hydrogen - Measure acidity and alkalinity of a solution - 7 is neutral

81
Q

Muscle tissue function

A

Produces body movements - stabilizes body position - storing and moving of substances within the body (sphincters, diameter of blood vessels, and peristalsis) - generating heat (thermogenesis and shivering)

82
Q

Atoms (3 subatomic particles)

A

Smallest units of matter - protons, neutrons, and electrons

83
Q

Antagonists

A

Muscles that when contracting, directly oppose prime movers - relaxed or contracting minimally when prime mover is contracting - provide precision and control during contraction of prime movers

S1 BIO 100 A&P 1 (24 decks)

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