Week 2 Flashcards
Chemistry and muscle anatomy
K+, Ca2+, Na+
Proper amount and concentration required for proper functioning of nerves and contraction of muscle tissue
Pennate muscles
Featherlike - fascicles lie at an angle or obliquely to line of pull - greater amount of force than ROM
Superficial fascia
Under the skin
Reversible rxn
Chemical run may be reversed under special circumstances - synthesis, decomposition, and exchange run are all reversible
Atomic weight
Average mass number for a particular element based on the typical proportion of different isotopes found in nature
Octet rule
Atoms with fewer or more that 8 e- in outer energy level will attempt to lose, gain, or share e- with other atoms to achieve stability
Epimysium
Coarse sheath which covers the muscle as a whole
Bases
Alkaline substances - shift H+/OH- in favor of OH- either by accepting H+ or releasing OH- - transportation of respiratory gases - elimination of waste products from body
Endomysium
Surrounds individual muscle fibers
Inorganic molecules
O2- required to complete decomposition rxns necessary for the release of energy (oxidation)
CO2- produced as a waste product - helps maintain the acid-base balance - drives breathing
Electrolytes
Cation
Positively charged ion
Water
Comprises of more that 50% body weight - intra/extracellular fluid - polar
How are muscles named (7)
Location - function - shape - direction of fibers - number of heads/divisions - point of attachment - size of muscle
Third class levers
L^_____P^______
^
F
Most common type in body - permit rapid and extensive movement
Buffers
Normal pH of body is 7.36-7.41 - maintain homeostasis - donates/removes H+ as needed
Somatic motor neurons
Axon extends from brain or spinal cord to a GROUP of skeletal muscle fibers - axon can branch many times because each axon extends to a different skeletal muscle fiber
Blood supply in muscle
1 artery and 1-2 veins accompany each nerve that penetrates the muscle. Loads of capillaries for transfer of nutrients/waste
Isometric
Muscle length doesn’t change during contraction
Fixated muscles
Joint stabilizers - maintain posture or balance during contraction of prime movers acting on joints in arms and legs - type of synergist
Synthesis rxn
A + B — — — > AB
Energy
Instertion
Point of attachment that moves when a muscle contracts. Insertion bone moves along line of force
Matter
Anything that has mass and occupies space
Spiral muscles
Have fibers that twist between their point of attachment
Parallel muscles
Vary in length - straplike muscles with parallel fascicles that run along line of pull of the muscles - greater ROM but less power/force
Smooth muscle tissue
Nonstriated - involuntary
Inorganic compounds
Usually lack C - structurally simple - lack C-C or C-H covalent bonds
Major elements in body
Oxygen - carbon - hydrogen - nitrogen
Origin
Point of attachment that does not move when muscle contracts. Origin bone more stationary during contraction at a joint
Chemistry
Structure, arrangement, and composition of substances and interactions they undergo
Ionic bonds
Chemical bond formed by transfer of e- from one atom to another - when dissolved in water, atoms become ions
Mass
Amount of matter in any moment, which does not change
Hyrdogen bonds
Very weak bonds that result from unequal charge distribution on a molecule (polar molecules) - Water as a solid, liquid, or gas
Isotonic
Muscle length changes during contraction (concentric or eccentric)
Ion
Atom with an electrical charge because of unequal protons and neutrons - occurs during ionization or the gaining/losing of electrons
Electrons
Negatively charged and found in outer shells or electron clouds surround nucleus
Electron shell
Rings which contain certain amount of energy (e-) and determine if the atom is chemically reactive
Deep fascia
Around muscles, bones, and organs
Neutrons
Neutrally charged and found in nucleus
Circular muscles
Orbicular and sphincters - circle body openings - fascicles run in ring pattern - generate small amounts of ROM and force
Acids
Substances that release H+ in solution
>7 pH
Atomic number
Number of protons in nucleus - identifies the element
Synergist
Muscles that contract at the same time as the prime mover - facilitate prime mover actions so that the prime move produced a more effective movements and helps control unwanted movements
Mass number
Mass number = protons + neutrons
First class levers
L^____________Pv
^
F
Not many in body
Fascia
Fibrous connective tissue found under the skin and sounding many deeper organs, including skeletal muscles and bones
Chemical bonds
Ionic, covalent, hydrogen bonds
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate in solution to form ion (acids/bases/salts)
Nonpolar
No electric charge due to atom placement: oils and lipids
Element
Pure - cannot be broken down or decomposed into 2 or more different substances - 26 in human body
Second class levers
P^_____L^______
^
F
Controversy regarding presence in body
Exchange rxn
AB + CD — — — > AD + BC
Colliod
Molecules become dispersen without settling out (blood plasma)
Eccentric
Still contracting as muscle lengthens
Lever
Any rigid bar free to turn about a fixed point (fulcrum)
Decomposition
AB — — — > A + B
Energy
Cardiac muscle tissue
Striated - involuntary
Convergent muscles
Fascicles radiate out like blades on a fan - fascicles run along the line of pull
Tendon sheath
Tube-like tunnel around tendon of muscle and lined with synovial membrane to reduce friction and enable mobility
Chemical run factors
Concentration, temperature, and catalysts
Aponeuroses
Flat sheet of connective tissue which usually merges with the fibrous wrappings of another muscle (back, stomach, palm of hand)
Skeletal muscle tissue
Striated (alternating dark and light protein bands) - voluntary motion (even subconscious)
Isotopes
Same element, different amount of neutrons - different mass numbers, same atomic number
Covalent bonds
Bond formed by sharing of one or more pairs of electrons - most common chemical bonds in body - these compounds form most of the body’s structures - stronger than ionic bonds
Fusiform muscles
Fascicles that may be close to parallel in the center but converge to a tendon at one or both ends
Properties of water
Solvent - tends to dissociate ionic compounds - permits transport of essential matierials - high heat index (absorbs and gives up heat slowly)
Perimysium
Surrounds fascicles (bundles) together
Organic compounds
Generally defined as compounds composed of C-C and/or C-H covalent bonds - generally larger and more complex - biomolecules
Aqueous solution
Mixture of 2+ molecules (salt water)
Prime movers
Agonists - muscles that directly perform OR provide major force for a specific movement
4 components of lever systems
Rigid bar (bone)
Fixed pivot or fulcrum (joint)
Load or resistance that’s moved
Force or pull (muscle contraction)
Anion
Negatively charged ion
Salts
Result from chemical interaction of acid and base - electrolyte compounds that dissociate in solution to form +/- charged ions that, when water is removed, form crystals
Concentric
Muscle shortens as contracts
Compound
2+ elements joined together
Weight
Force of gravity acting on matter, does change
Tendon
Endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium are continuous with fibrous tissue extending beyond the muscle (wrist, ankle joints)
Protons
Positively charged and found in nucleus
Molecule and compounds
Molecule- 2+ atoms of the same kind
Compound- 2+ different atoms
Muscle tissue properties
Electrical excitability (action potentials), contractility, extensibility (stretch), and elasticity ( return to original length)
_pH scale
Power of Hydrogen - Measure acidity and alkalinity of a solution - 7 is neutral
Muscle tissue function
Produces body movements - stabilizes body position - storing and moving of substances within the body (sphincters, diameter of blood vessels, and peristalsis) - generating heat (thermogenesis and shivering)
Atoms (3 subatomic particles)
Smallest units of matter - protons, neutrons, and electrons
Antagonists
Muscles that when contracting, directly oppose prime movers - relaxed or contracting minimally when prime mover is contracting - provide precision and control during contraction of prime movers
